Hundred Years War Players: England, France Reasons: Edward III of England claims French crown, Philip VI of France is pissed Key Battles: French attack on English Gascony (1337), Battle of Crecy and Battle of Poitiers, Siege of Orleans – Joan of Arc captured by English and burned at the stake. Won the war for France (1431) Battle of Crecy

Hundred Years War Cont. Impact: France gained power and feudal institutions began to break down. Transition from nobles equipped with armor and swords to foot armies of peasants only armed with crossbows. France after the war had less nobles due to the casualties of the war. The result was a more powerful monarchy. Direct Sources: s/hundredyearswar.htm s/hundredyearswar.htm

English Civil War Players: England (Cromwell and King James I) Reasons: King ignored Parliament except when he’s in need of money to support his unnecessary wars. King James believed he had the right to appoint a bishop without the consent of anyone. This made parliament angry. Key Battles: Battle of Naseby (1645) – Lasted 3 hours and ended with a Parliament victory. Royalist soldiers were captured and King Charles was humiliated.

English Civil War Cont. Impact – The beheading of King Charles I and Cromwell coming into power (only for about 5 years). The Glorious Revolution then occurred when William of Orange came and William and Mary of Orange came into power in England. Direct Sources: om/Civil_War/civil_war_battle s.htm

30 Years War Players: Major European Powers Reasons: Religious division-Protestant union vs. Catholic league Political division- Hapsburgs wanted to regain strength at the expense of Protestant princes, protestant princes want centralization. Catholic France was opposed to Holy Roman Empire, even though it was Catholic Demark and Sweden would support the Protestants

30 Years War Phases: Bohemian Phase- Defenestration of Prague Fredrik V of the Protestant union vs. Ferdinand V of the Catholic league-Catholic league wins Danish Phase- Christian IV of Denmark vs. Catholic Habsburgs. Danish fighting for Protestants. Swedish Phase: Swedish people come in and help the Protestants fight against the Catholic Habsburgs French Phase: Catholic French fight and beat Catholic Habsburgs. Catholic vs Catholic for one of the first times

30 Years War Impact: Peace of Westphalia- hundreds of diplomats meet in Westphalia-divides Holy Roman Empire in 300 separate states, religion is to be decided by ruler (Calvinism is ok), Pope is ignored (emphasizes securitization of European politics and diplomacy) Dutch republic’s independence, Switzerland’s neutrality accepted and France and Sweden get a little extra land Germany was devastated- economy terrible, farmland is destroyed by war, population was hurt- 1/5 of Germans died

War of Spanish Succession Players: Spain, France and England Reasons: The Spanish crown was supposed to go to the grandson of Louis XIV War: England, Austria and Germany- too much power for Bourbons vs. France and Spain Impact: 11 years war-Peace of Utrecht confirmed Philip V (Louis XIV’s grandson) as the king of Spain The throne of Spain and France were kept separate- England got French territory in America and Gibralter Spain became a mess, lost Netherlands and not a European super power

Austrian Succession Players: (England, Russia Austria) (Prussia, Spain France) Reasons: Austria has no heir to the throne except for Maria Theresa. She becomes ruler of Austria and Frederick II sees her as weak and Prussia invades and takes Silesia. Maria Theresa convinces England that Prussia is getting too strong, so England and Austria become allies.

Austrian Succession Cont. France enters the war because they are enemies with Austria and they see Austria as vulnerable. They then invade Austria. Impact: Prussia gains land in Silesia. The War of Austrian Succession then leads to the 7 years war. Fun Fact: The War of Austrian Succession was also called the War of Jenkin’s Ear.

7 Years War Players: (France, Austria, Russia) (Britain and Prussia) Reasons: Frederick didn’t want his enemies (France and Austria) to form a cohesive military. Russia’s massive army then came from the east and took Berlin from Frederick. Key Battles: Battle of Minden(1759) – England (allied with Germany) defeated the French army in Minden, Northern Germany.

7 Years War Cont. Battle of Emsdorf (1760) - Fought between England and France in Northern Germany with a British victory. Fun Fact: English troops won largely because they completely surprised French troops as they sat down to lunch. Impact: Russia and Prussia gained friendship. Britain destroyed France in the Americas, taking French colonies in Canada and India. Britain is the ultimate winner because they now control India.

French Revolution Players: France Reasons: French peasants fight for a new constitution during the tennis court oath and get one. Peasants think king’s troops are coming to Paris so they get angry and march to the Bastille for gunpowder and take it over. Key Battles: Storming of the Bastille - Starts the Revolution. Players: France Reasons: French peasants fight for a new constitution during the tennis court oath and get one. Peasants think king’s troops are coming to Paris so they get angry and march to the Bastille for gunpowder and take it over. Key Battles: Storming of the Bastille - Starts the Revolution.

French Revolution Cont March on Versailles - Caused by an increase in unemployment and hunger. 7,000 women walked 12 miles and invaded the king’s palace, killing many guards. This kicks the king out of Versailles for good and makes him live in a palace in Paris - not nearly as luxurious as Versailles. Impact: The execution of Robespierre, who killed many people for no reason. Leads to life under Napoleon, a great French ruler and general. March on Versailles - Caused by an increase in unemployment and hunger. 7,000 women walked 12 miles and invaded the king’s palace, killing many guards. This kicks the king out of Versailles for good and makes him live in a palace in Paris - not nearly as luxurious as Versailles. Impact: The execution of Robespierre, who killed many people for no reason. Leads to life under Napoleon, a great French ruler and general.

Wars of Napoleon Players: France (Napoleon) vs everyone Causes: Napoleon wanted to have complete control of Europe, unite Europe under French rule. Invaded and conquered most of Europe (Spain, Italy, parts of Germany, etc.) in early 1800’s Instituted his Napoleonic Law wherever he had control.

Wars of Napoleon (cont.) Downfall: Peninsula War in Spain: fought against Spanish fighters 300,000 French soldiers killed Invaded Russia took 600,000 soldiers and only 40,000 survived Britain destroyed their navy and defeated them at the Battle of Waterloo.

Wars of Napoleon (cont.) Impact: Congress of Vienna from 1814 to 1815 to determine the geopolitical face of Europe after Napoleon was defeated. Further reading: eonic.html eonic.html

By Will Foster, Eric Bakar, Chris Flygare, Toby Brachmann Second Period