Christopher Columbus [ ]

First Encounter 1492 Columbus sails the ocean blue. Looking for India he lands on what is now called the West Indies in Caribbean. Raped and pillaged the islands. Taking all resources back to Spain.

Columbus’ Four Voyages

European Explorations

Fernando Cortes The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

Cortes vs. Montezuma Hernan Cortes lands in Mexico 1519 with 600 men and 16 horses. Makes alliances with the natives who were unhappy with Aztec Rulers Attacks the city of Tenochititlan Is defeated by Montezuma and retreats

Cortes vs. Montezuma News spreads that Montezuma is killed in battle. Cortes regroups and attacks again in 1521 taking over the magnificent city. That today is Mexico City. Cortes inspires other Conquistadors in South America.

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortes

PizarroPizarro The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas AtahualpaAtahualpa vs.vs.

Pizzaro vs. Atahualpa Fransico Pizzaro with help from the natives took control of Peru. He overran the Incas and held their leader Atahualpa for ransom. Was paid but killed him anyway. Wanted to control all of Inca Empire so he surged throughout Ecuador and Chile.

How Did They Do It? Military Technology (Muskets, Cannons, and armor) Horses that freighted the natives. Division amongst the Indians. European disease destroyed natives making them weak and easily defeat able.

The Colombian Exchange The trade of goods between the New World (The Americas) and the Old World (Europe & Africa) Bad things also were exchanged between the East and West. Diseases like small pox, measles, and influenza came to America and killed along with war 95% of natives.

The “Columbian Exchange”  Olive Oil  Birds  Peppers  Black Pepper  Chicken  Donkey  Turnips  Cabbage  Lettuce  Rabbit  Cotton  Rat  Olives  Coffee Bean  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  Sugar Cane  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  Horse  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Strawberry  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  Potato  Peanut  Tomato  Vanilla  Corn  Chocolate  Birds (Fowl)  Honey Bee  Bear  Sunflowers  Alpaca  Honeybee  Bison  Papaya  Guinea Pig  Muscles  Lama  Chilies  Shrimp  Crabs  Pecan

The Culture of S. America Spain forces Christianity and Catholicism on to the natives. Education for settlers is important as universities open. People migrate to cites as no- one wants to live in the country. Cities form and develop into Spanish cultural hubs. Economy based on exports to Spain.

The Colonial Class System PeninsularesPeninsulares CreolesCreoles MestizosMestizosMulattosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

Slave Ship

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Sacrifice of the First- Born by Theodore de Bry

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

MercantilismMercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. 1. Get as much gold and silver as you can. 2. Establish a favorable balance of trade. 3. Get colonies.

Treasures from the Americas!

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Father Bartolomé de Las Casas New Laws --> 1542

European Empires in the Americas