Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment Evaluating Washington’s Future in a Changing Climate House Bill 1303, April 2007 –Charged state departments to work the UW Climate Impacts Group with WSU and PNNL –Produce a comprehensive assessment of the impact of climate change on the State of Washington Approach –Downscale IPCC Climate Model outputs to WA over the next 50 years –Assess impacts in eight sectors:

Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment Evaluating Washington’s Future in a Changing Climate Approach –Downscale IPCC Climate Model outputs to WA over the next 50 years A1B (more emissions) from 20 models B1 (less emissions) from 18 models Regional scenarios for precipitation and temperature: 2020s, 2040s, 2080s Sea level rise 2050 and 2100 –Assess impacts in eight sectors Hydrology and Water Resources Energy Agriculture Salmon Forests Coasts Urban Stormwater Infrastructure Human Health –Assess the needs for adaptive planning and adaptive options within each sector

Washington State Climate Change Impacts Assessment: HB 1303 Key Findings Marketa McGuire Elsner Jeremy Littell JISAO CSES Climate Impacts Group University of Washington Washington State University Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Climate science in the public interest UW Climate Impacts Group

Project Team Forests (D. McKenzie, J. Littell) –CIG, UW, USFS, Univ. ID Coasts (D. Huppert) –CIG, UW Urban Stormwater Infrastructure (A. Steinemann, D. Booth) –UW, Stillwater Sciences, King Co. Water and Land Resources Div., Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Human Health (R. Fenske) –UW, WSU, Institute for Chemical Process and Envir. Tech. - Canada, CA Air Resources Board Adaptation (L. Whitely-Binder) –CIG, UW Scenarios (E. Salathé, P. Mote) –CIG, UW, PNNL Hydrology and Water Resources (D. Lettenmaier, M. Elsner) –CIG, UW Energy – Hydropower (A. Hamlet) –CIG, UW Agriculture & Economics (Stockle, Scott) –WSU, USDA ARS, PNNL Salmon (N. Mantua) –CIG, U

Assessment Overview: Study Region

Overall Assessment Approach

Scientific progress, assessment limitations Progress: –Vertical integration of climate change projections –Wide range of research areas –Narrowing of uncertainty with many climate models –Quantified impacts and ranges for decision making Limitations: –Modeling climate variability (interannual, decadal) –Interactions or synergies between impacts –Uncertainty in climate and projections –There may be thresholds we have yet to understand

Projected Increases in Annual PNW Temperature 2020s 2040s 2080s °F°F°C°C +5.9°F +3.5°F +2.2°F * Compared with average Mote and Salathé, 2009

Projected Changes in Annual Precipitation * Compared with average Changes in annual precipitation averaged over all models are small but some models show large seasonal changes, especially toward wetter autumns and winters and drier summers. Mote and Salathé, 2009

Regional climate model projections Salathé et al, 2009

Hydrology and water resources * Compared with average 37-44% change (B1/A1B) Elsner et al. 2009

Mantua et al. 2009

Yakima Economics - Production Value Reservoir system will be less able to supply water to all users, especially those with junior water rights. Junior and senior water user averaged, impacts include CO 2 fertilization Production decreases by 5% in 2020s, 16% in 2080s (relative to historical) Production values are buffered somewhat by price increases and largely unchanged production on senior water user lands 2080s2020s2040s Vano et al. 2009b

Municipal and Industrial, reliability measures differ across systems With current demands, system reliability able to accommodate changes (A1B) With demand increases, system reliability reduced, conservation measures matter Note: simulations do not include adaptation Puget Sound Basin municipal supply - current demand 1% 7%0% Vano et al. 2009a * Projections compared to water year average Tacoma, water allocations closer to current system capacity Everett, largest system capacity

Energy Annual hydropower production is projected to decline by a few percent due to small changes in annual flow, but seasonal changes will be substantial. Winter hydropower production is projected to increase by about % by the 2020s, % by the 2040s, and 7%-10% by the 2080s (compared to water year ) Summer energy production is projected to decline by 10% by the 2020s, 15% by the 2040s, and 20% by the 2080s. At the same time summer cooling demands may increase by 400% Hamlet et al. 2009

Energy Changes in system-wide hydropower production in the Columbia system for three future time frames: large declines in summer, slight increases in winter. Hamlet et al. 2009

Agriculture Given sufficient irrigation, the projected impact of climate change on eastern Washington agriculture is unlikely to be severe. Likely changes in yields from climate alone are increases in winter wheat (2-8% by the 2020s), decreases in irrigated potatoes (15% by the 2040s) and decreases in apples (3% by the 2040s). However, the combination of warming and elevated CO 2 could provide significant potential benefits that offset these declines. There is some uncertainty about whether the CO 2 effect is transient, but for well managed crops in eastern WA, the beneficial effect of elevated CO 2 will most likely be positive. Stöckle et al. 2009

Salmon and Ecosystems Rising stream temperature will reduce the quality and quantity of freshwater salmon habitat substantially. The duration of temperatures causing thermal migration barriers and extreme thermal stress (where weekly water temperatures exceed 70°F) are predicted to quadruple by the 2080s. Water temperatures for Western Washington stations are generally cooler, and predicted impacts on thermal stress are significant but less severe. Mantua et al. 2009

Salmon and Ecosystems August Mean Surface Air Temperature and Maximum Stream Temperature Historical ( ) 2040s medium (A1B) * Projections are compared with average Mantua et al. 2009

Forests The area burned by fire regionally (in the U.S. Columbia Basin) is projected to double or triple (medium scenario, (A1B)), from about 172,000 ha annually ( ) to 0.3 million ha in the 2020s, 0.5 million ha in the 2040s, and 0.8 million ha in the 2080s. Due to climatic stress on host trees, mountain pine beetle outbreaks are projected to increase in frequency and cause increased tree mortality. Climatically suitable habitat for pine species susceptible to mountain pine beetle is likely to decline but increase in elevation by the 2040s. Littell et al. 2009

Forests Changes in the potential climatically suitable range of lodgepole pine (Data: Rehfeldt et al. 2006, multiple IPCC scenarios). Current 2060s Littell et al. 2009

Coasts A previous study involving the Climate Impacts Group found that sea level rise in Puget Sound might be as little as 6” or as much as 50” by Sea Level Rise (SLR) will shift the coastal beaches and increase erosion of unstable bluffs, endangering houses and other structures built near the shore or near the bluff edges. Shellfish will possibly be negatively impacted by increasing ocean temperatures and acidity, shifts in disease and growth patterns, and more frequent harmful algal blooms (HAB). Huppert et al. 2009

Urban Stormwater Infrastructure Drainage infrastructure designed using mid-20th century rainfall records may be subject to a future rainfall regime that differs from current design standards. Results from regional climate models suggest increased extreme rainfall in late autumn in western Washington. Hydrologic modeling of two urban creeks in central Puget Sound suggest overall increases in peak annual discharge over the next half-century, but only those projections resulting from one of the two RCM simulations are statistically significant. Magnitudes of projected changes vary widely, depending on the particular basin under consideration and the choice of the underlying global climate model. Rosenberg et al. 2009

Changes in Flood Risks Floods in western WA will likely increase in magnitude due to the combined effects of warming and increasingly intense winter storms. In other parts of the State, changes in flooding are smaller, and in eastern WA projected reductions in flood risk are common due to loss of spring snow cover. Mantua et al. 2009

Human Health In Washington, climate change will lead to larger numbers of heat-related deaths due mainly to hotter summers and population growth. For example in Seattle a medium climate change scenario projects 101 additional deaths for people over 45 by 2025 and another 50% increase by 2045 Although better control of air pollution has led to improvements in air quality, warmer temperatures threaten some of the sizeable gains that have been made in recent years. Jackson et al. 2009

Human Health Percent Increase in Risk of Death, and Number of Deaths Each Day for All Non- Traumatic Causes by Heat Event Duration, Greater Seattle Area, Jackson et al. 2009

Climate change impacts over the next few decades are virtually certain. Impacts beyond this timeframe will be greatly influenced by how successfully we reduce greenhouse gas concentrations both in the near-term and over time. State and local governments, businesses, and residents are on the “front line” when it comes to dealing with climate change impacts. Decisions with long-term impacts are being made every day, and today’s choices will shape tomorrow’s vulnerabilities. Adaptation Options and Opportunities Whitely Binder et al. 2009

Conclusions Adaptation to climate change impacts is necessary because the projected impacts within and across sectors are large. To the extent that it can be identified, quantified, and mitigated, uncertainty is a component of planning, not a reason to avoid planning. Many sectors report different impacts in different systems (e.g., snowpack response at low vs. high elevations, fire response in the western Cascades vs. Blue Mountains, different species of salmonids, different crops etc.), but the natural spatial and temporal complexity of these systems is a key part of planning for the future. By understanding the direction and magnitude of projected climate changes and their impacts, we can better manage risks and capitalize on opportunities to reduce impacts.