APES year in review – chapters , The year everyone gets a 5!

Answers to chapter 1 pages D 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 C 6 E 7 B 8 E 9 D 10 A

Answers to chapter 2 page B 2 D 3 E 4 C 5 A 6 B 7 E 8 C 9 B 10 E 11 D 12 C 13 E 14 A

Answers to chapter 3 pages D 2 D 3 E 4 D 5 A 6 E 7 A 8 B 9 E 10 E 11 B 12 B 13 E 14 C 15 B

Know how to………..  Convert with dimensional analysis  Make sense of the half life table  Use percentages (efficiency p 40)  Make sense of the pH scale

Easter Island Sustainability -Inhabitatants of Easter Island cut down the trees to build their houses faster than the trees could grow back. Was that sustainable?

How many Earth’s would be required if everybody has the same ecological footprint as the citizens of the United States?

How many Earth’s would be required if everybody has the same ecological footprint as the citizens of the United States? 8

What temperature water will support the fish that need the most oxygen?

What temperature water will support the fish that need the most oxygen? COLD Water

Developed Countries  Canada, U.S., Australia, Western Europe (Denmark) Developing Countries  Latin America, China, Africa (Kenya)  1/5 of the world’s pop. Lives in absolute poverty, illiterate, lack clean H2O and don’t have enough food  80% of world’s pop. Lives in developing co. and growing Which of these countries have the largest ecological footprint?

Developed Countries  Canada, U.S., Australia, Western Europe (Denmark) Developing Countries  Latin America, China, Africa (Kenya)  1/5 of the world’s pop. Lives in absolute poverty, illiterate, lack clean H2O and don’t have enough food  80% of world’s pop. Lives in developing co. and growing Which of these countries have the largest ecological footprint?

When energy is transformed the ability to do work decreases even though the quantity of energy does not change.  Describe the 2nd law of thermodynamics

When energy transfers from one form to another or from one trophic level to the one above some of the energy does not make it to the other form or the next trophic level. What form does this “missing” energy take?

When energy transfers from one form to another or from one trophic level to the one above some of the energy does not make it to the other form or the next trophic level. What form does this “missing” energy take? HEAT

Is the earth an open or closed system in regards to solar energy?

Is the earth an open or closed system in regards to solar energy? Open because the sun’s solar rays travel through space, are absorbed/reflected by the earth and atmosphere and then are reradiated back to space.

How many times more acidic is stomach acid compared to rainwater? pH = 1.6

How many times more acidic is stomach acid compared to rainwater? Rainwater is ph 5.6 so stomach acid is 10,000 times more acidic than rainwater pH = 1.6

YLHS What happened to the salinity of Mono Lake when the LADPW diverted water from Walker Creek, which fed the lake, to the people of Los Angeles?

YLHS What happened to the salinity of Mono Lake when the LADPW diverted water from Walker Creek, which fed the lake, to the people of Los Angeles? Salinity increased

When the salinity of Mono Lake increased, what happened to the algae population and the population of brine shrimp?

When the salinity of Mono Lake increased, what happened to the algae population and the population of brine shrimp? Decreased

The half life of a radioactive sample is 2,000 years. If 12.5 grams of a 400 gram sample is radioactive, how old is the sample in years?

12.5 g/400 g = 1/32. 1/32 = 5 half lives. 5 half lives times 2000 years = 10,000 years.

Krypton-85 has a half life of 11 years. How long will it take for it to loose ¾ of its radioactivity?

2 half lives represent ¾ stable daughter products. 2 times 11 = 22 years.

Common Units and Their Conversions UnitDefinitionRelationship to Joules Common Uses calorieEnergy to heat 1 gram of water 1 ْ C 1 calorie = joulesenergy transfer in ecosystems CalorieFood calorie always shown with capital C 1 Calorie = 1000 calories= 1 Kilocalorie Food labels British Thermal Unit (Btu) Energy to heat 1 pound of water 1 ْ C 1 Btu = 1,055 joulesEnergy transfer in air conditioners and home water heaters. Kilowatt- hour (kWh) Energy expended by using 1kW of electricity for 1 hour 1kWh = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 mega-joules (MJ) Energy used by electrical appliances kWh per year Convert 5 calories into joules

Common Units and Their Conversions UnitDefinitionRelationship to Joules Common Uses calorieEnergy to heat 1 gram of water 1 ْ C 1 calorie = joulesenergy transfer in ecosystems CalorieFood calorie always shown with capital C 1 Calorie = 1000 calories= 1 Kilocalorie Food labels British Thermal Unit (Btu) Energy to heat 1 pound of water 1 ْ C 1 Btu = 1,055 joulesEnergy transfer in air conditioners and home water heaters. Kilowatt- hour (kWh) Energy expended by using 1kW of electricity for 1 hour 1kWh = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 mega-joules (MJ) Energy used by electrical appliances kWh per year Convert 5 calories into joules 5 calories x joules/ calorie = joules

A metric ton of anthracite coal can produce 10,000 MJ of electricity. Given these efficiencies, how much energy is produced as incandescent light? 1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ 8,400 MJ of electricity is produced 35% 65% Heat 10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient Heat

A metric ton of anthracite coal can produce 10,000 MJ of electricity. Given these efficiencies, how much energy is produced as incandescent light? 10,000 MJ x.35 *.9 *.05 = MJ of incandescent light. 1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ 8,400 MJ of electricity is produced 35% 65% Heat 10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient Heat

Do these calculations violate the second law of thermodynamics? 10,000 MJ x.35 *.9 *.05 = MJ of incandescent light. 1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ 8,400 MJ of electricity is produced 35% 65% Heat 10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient Heat

Do these calculations violate the second law of thermodynamics? 10,000 MJ x.35 *.9 *.05 = MJ of incandescent light. No, energy is not lost to the system, it is transferred into heat. 1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ 8,400 MJ of electricity is produced 35% 65% Heat 10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient Heat

When coal is burned, most of the energy is transformed into __________ 1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ 8,400 MJ of electricity is produced 35% 65% Heat 10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient Heat

When coal is burned, most of the energy is transformed into __heat________ 1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ 8,400 MJ of electricity is produced 35% 65% Heat 10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient Heat

Which is a positive feedback loop and which is a negative feedback loop?

Positive Negative

Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

Positive

Positive or negative feedback loop?

Positive

The Restoration Plan for the Everglades  How would the following two actions help to restore the everglades? ● Removing inland levees and canals that were used to prevent the natural flow of water and control flooding. Water conservation: redirecting fresh water to restored wetlands instead of letting it drain to the ocean.

The Restoration Plan for the Everglades  How would the following two actions help to restore the everglades? ● Removing inland levees and canals that were used to prevent the natural flow of water and control flooding. Water conservation: redirecting fresh water to restored wetlands instead of letting it drain to the ocean. Everglades are rivers of grass that depend on water flow. Removing levees would increase the flow of fresh water.

If you left the door of a refrigerator open, would the Earth get cooler?

If you left the door of a refrigerator open, would the Earth get cooler? No, why?

If you left the door of a refrigerator open, would the Earth get cooler? No, why? Second law of thermodynamics, think of all the heat generated to make electricity.

What type of habitat is the Florida Everglades?

What type of habitat is the Florida Everglades? Wetland, Riparian, river of grass, swamp

In what way was the saving of Mono Lake and the Florida Everglades similar?

In what way was the saving of Mono Lake and the Florida Everglades similar? Water flow was increased to both

Trophic Relationship Put the following in order from greatest biomass to least biomass: Tertiary consumers, producers, primary consumer, secondary consumer

Trophic Relationship Put the following in order from greatest biomass to least biomass:, producers, primary consumer, secondary consumer, Tertiary consumers

Give an example of an autotroph. Where does it get its energy?

Plant, algae, bacteria or phytoplankton Energy comes from the sun through photosynthesis

Biomass and Biomass Pyramid  How much energy from one trophic level (producers) moves to the next trophic level (primary consumers)?

Biomass and Biomass Pyramid  How much energy from one trophic level (producers) moves to the next trophic level (primary consumers)? 10%

Biomass and Biomass Pyramid  How much solar energy is captured by the autotrophs?

Biomass and Biomass Pyramid  How much solar energy is captured by the autotrophs? 1%

 If 80,000 j of energy comes from the sun to an ecosystem, how much energy will be in the secondary consumers?

 If 80,000 j of energy comes from the sun to an ecosystem, how much energy will be in the secondary consumers? 80,000j x.01= 800j  800j x.1 = 80j  80j x.1 = 8j

If you are given the gross primary production of 1 hectare of coastal sage scrub, how do you calculate the net primary production of that area?

If you are given the gross primary production of 1 hectare of coastal sage scrub, how do you calculate the net primary production of that area? Subtract cellular respiration

Name the process in which water moves from plants to the atmosphere.

What happens to the net primary production of an ecosystem when you add a limiting factor?

What happens to the net primary production of an ecosystem when you add a limiting factor? NPP increases

Carbon cycle  Name 3 ways carbon can enter the atmosphere.

Carbon cycle  Name 3 ways carbon can enter the atmosphere. Cellular respiration, burning fossil fuels, burning trees, deforestation, volcanoes, etc.

Burning fossil fuels increases the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere. What happens to the temperature of the earth if the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere increases?

Burning fossil fuels increases the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere. What happens to the temperature of the earth if the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere increases? Earth’s temperature increases.

List the 3 reactants for photosynthesis.

List the 3 reactants for photosynthesis. Sunlight, Carbon Dioxide, Water

Nitrogen cycle  Where is the biggest nitrogen reservoir that is accessible to living systems?

Nitrogen cycle  Where is the biggest nitrogen reservoir accessible to living organisms? The atmosphere is 78% nitrogen.

Nitrogen cycle  Explain what will happen when legumes are planted in a grassland ecosystem.  Why will it happen?

Nitrogen cycle  Explain what will happen when legumes are planted in a grassland ecosystem. Nitrate level will increase  Why will it happen? Legumes have nodules that provide a home for bacteria which fix nitrogen

Phosphorus cycle  Is there a gas phase in the phosphorous cycle? Phosphorous is a limiting factor in aquatic systems. How could adding phosphorous to a lake decrease biodiversity of the lake?

Phosphorus cycle  Is there a gas phase in the phosphorous cycle? No Phosphorous is a limiting factor in aquatic systems. How could adding phosphorous to a lake decrease biodiversity of the lake? Eutrophication and could cause species adapted to low phosphate levels to become extinct.

What caused the fish kill in the Neusse River?

What caused the fish kill in the Neuse River? To many nutrients in the river caused Pfisteria to target fish.

What does deforestation do to the nutrient levels of streams that receive runoff from deforested areas?

What does deforestation do to the nutrient levels of streams that receive runoff from deforested areas? Nutrient levels increase initially.

During eutrophication, what happens to the oxygen level?

During eutrophication, what happens to the oxygen level? O 2 level decreases becomes hypoxic or anoxic.

During eutrophication, what does the addition of limiting nutrients do to the algae population?

During eutrophication, what does the addition of limiting nutrients do to the algae population? Increases # of algeas

Which hydrologic process drives eutrophication?

Which hydrologic process drives eutrophication? Runoff

What is the difference between infiltration and runoff?

What is the difference between infiltration and runoff? Runoff is on surface, infiltration is subsurface.

What is the difference between ecosystem resilience and ecosystem resistance?

What is the difference between ecosystem resilience and ecosystem resistance? Resilience how fast an ecosystem comes back after a shock, and resistance is how hard a shock an ecosystem can take before it changes.

Which side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains will support giant sequoias, a redwood tree species that requires abundant precipitation? wind

element Main nonliving reservoir Main living reservoir Other nonliving reservoir Human-induced problem Carbon C Atmo CO2 Carbohydrate s (CH2O)n And all organic molecules Hydro Carbonate (CO3-2) Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Litho minerals Global warming Carbon from fossil fuels underground are burned and released into the air as CO2 Nitrogen N Atmo N2 Proteins and other N- containing organic molecules Hydro Ammonium NH4+ Nitrate NO3- Nitrite NO2- Eutrophication Fertilizers contain human-made nitrates that end up in the water Phos- phorous P Litho rocks as PO4-3 *no gas phase DNA ATP phospholipids Hydro Phosphate PO4-3 Eutrophication Fertilizers contain human-made phosphates that end up in the water Cutting down rainforest stops recycling of P

What is the name of this effect? YLHS

Rainshadow Effect YLHS

Rain shadow Figure 9-6 Rain shadow

Mono Lake  Excellent example of human interference with the water supply.  The water in the lake was diverted from the lake to the city of Los Angeles. It became a salt bed.  ↑ Salt concentration due to evaporation Three Gorges Dam in China  China needs to meet the growing demand for energy  Huge environmental impact  Hundreds of thousands of people will be displaced (not to mention the ecosystems which will be flooded)

Acids and Bases pH-log of hydrogen ions in a solution. Therefore each number higher on the pH scale is 10X more basic  Basic- OH- (hydroxyl ions) over 7 on the pH scale  Acidic-H+ ions under 7 on the pH scale  Neutral- pure water is 7 on the pH scale  Normal rain is slightly acidic-pH 6.4  Acid rain is defined as less than a pH of 5.5