SESSION 8 GENDER ISSUES IN THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE

To enable workshop participants to understand where and how to address gender issues through the project cycle SESSION GOAL

Integrating Gender into the Project Life Cycle 1. Project design & appraisal 2. Implement project start-up & undertake activities 3. Monitor & Evaluate 4. Assess needs & identify problems GENDER ISSUES IN THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE Project Life Cycle

4 GENDER INTEGRATION IN USAID PROGRAMMING How will gender relations affect the achievement of sustainable results? How will proposed results affect the relative status of men and women? Identify gender relations at the start of the project through gender analysis and establish an appropriate baseline ↓ (monitor changes) Describe gender relations at the end of the project (results) and start of the next project (new baseline) Automated Directive System Gender Questions

INTEGRATING GENDER IN PROJECT DESIGN AND APPRAISAL 1. Project Design and Appraisal Step 1: EXAMINE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES for attention to gender issues; restate them to strengthen interaction between gender and economic growth goals Step 2: COLLECT DATA on gender relations, roles, and identities related to program objectives Step 3: ANALYZE DATA for gender differences that may affect the achievement of program objectives

Step 1: EXAMINE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES for attention to gender issues to strengthen interaction between gender and economic growth goals INTEGRATING GENDER IN PROJECT DESIGN AND APPRAISAL

Guiding Questions: Who are the direct participants of the project? How might differences in participants’ and stakeholders’ sex, age, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity affect their ability to access information and services? What are the different roles and responsibilities women and men have that will affect program outcomes and allocation of its benefits? What are the social, legal or cultural taboos or obstacles that might prevent women or men from participating in the project? EXAMINE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES

Information on Gender: Available Resources Project reports and case studies Gender assessments and analyses Ethnographic studies and articles National and local household and labor surveys EXAMINE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES

Step 2: COLLECT DATA on gender relations, roles, and identities related specifically to program objectives –Sector-specific gender assessment –Project-specific gender assessment (e.g. Value- chain gender assessment) INTEGRATING GENDER IN PROJECT DESIGN AND APPRAISAL

Data Collection Methods –Individual in-depth or structured interviews –Group interviews –Focus groups –Surveys –Observation COLLECT DATA

11 Gender Analysis Questions: Who does what, including when and where tasks are done? Who has what (access and ownerships issues)? Who makes decisions and what is the decision- making process? Who gains and who loses as a result of development interventions? COLLECT DATA

Questions to consider when collecting data? Have you reviewed relevant published or project studies on the identified activity for data on both men and women? Have you interviewed both women and men in relevant stakeholder groups across all project components? (e.g. producer association, group ranches, conservation organizations, women’s associations, policy advocacy groups) COLLECT DATA

Step 3: ANALYZE DATA for gender differences that may affect the achievement of program objectives: Access to Factors of Production and Enterprise Development Practices and Participation Knowledge and Beliefs Laws, Policies, and Regulatory Institutions INTEGRATING GENDER IN PROJECT DESIGN AND APPRAISAL

What is the income per capita by sex? Fill in the corresponding boxes. What is the average return per tree/vine by sex? Fill in the corresponding boxes. What does the data tell us? What factors might explain these results? What additional information do we need to explain the results? GENDER ANALYSIS ACTIVITY Questions to Answer:

2. Implement project start-up & undertake activities Step 1: DESIGN PROGRAM ELEMENTS AND ACTIVITIES to address gender issues (constraints and opportunities) INTEGRATING GENDER INTO PROJECT START- UP AND ACTIVITIES Step 2: REVISE PROGRAM OBJECTIVE AS NECESSARY to address gender issues (constraints and opportunities)

Step 1: DESIGN PROGRAM ELEMENTS AND ACTIVITIES to address gender issues (constraints and opportunities) –Gender-based constraints are barriers that inhibit either men’s or women’s access to resources or opportunities of any type –Gender-based opportunities are avenues for change that can improve women’s or men’s access to productive resources or opportunities for advancement INTEGRATING GENDER INTO PROJECT START- UP AND ACTIVITIES

What activities will the program have to implement to ensure that men and women’s needs are addressed? How will activities ensure equitable participation by women and men? In what ways will program activities benefit women and men? What kinds of strategies will help the program ensure that activities benefit women and men equitably? Determining Strategies for Desired Results: DESIGN PROGRAM ELEMENTS AND ACTIVITIES

Continuum of Approaches for Gender Integration Gender Exploitative Gender Accommodating Gender Transformative

GENDER INTEGRATION MATRIX Project ObjectivesData Collection (new info) ID of Gender Constraints Actions to reduce gender constraints Original project objective: Increase employment opportunities in horticultural production and processing plants In households women plant, weed, and harvest; men prepare land Cultivation tasks vary by crop Most women have completed primary education Women are hired into low-paying production & processing jobs Men are hired as supervisors Sexual harassment is common Social conditions (attitudes, harassment, lack of training) restrict employment opportunities for women, particularly in moving from line jobs to supervisory positions in horticultural production and processing plants. Provide management training to women. Publicize opportunities in supervisory and management positions to men and women. Provide trainings on sexual harassment to men and women. Revised project objective: Increase employment opportunities in horticultural production and processing plants, especially in previously underrepresented positions

INTEGRATING GENDER INTO PROJECT START- UP AND ACTIVITIES Step 2: REVISE PROJECT OBJECTIVE AS NECESSARY to address gender issues (constraints and opportunities)

Does the current objective allow you to carry out activities that would remove or reduce the identified constraints? How might you modify the objective to address the gender constraints? REVISING PROJECT OBEJCTIVE EXERCISE

22 GENDER INTEGRATION MATRIX Project ObjectivesData CollectionIdentify of Gender Constraints Actions to gender reduce constraints Original project objective: To raise rural household incomes through increased horticulture productivity Revised project objective: Majority of membership criteria to producer associations (roughly 85 percent) is based on land ownership Post-harvest income is deposited in a bank account in the name of the registered producer Many women do not have access to income deposited in bank accounts Evidence of some households that open joint bank accounts Women operate roughly half of farm enterprises Women receive technical information about crops from their husbands Married women lack incentives to increase productivity Women have less access to inputs and technical assistance because membership to associations is based on formal land ownership Devise innovative payment schemes to allow control of income to flow more directly to women Explore the feasibility in different associations of promoting joint association membership and/or joint bank accounts