Recap Chapter 4 and Chapter 7

CHAPTER 4

What Does Product & Service Design Do? Translate customer wants and needs into product and service requirements Refine existing products and services Develop new products and services Formulate quality goals Formulate cost targets Construct and test prototypes Document specifications Translate product and service specifications into process specifications

Idea Generation Supply chain-based Competitor-based – Reverse engineering: Dismantling and inspecting a competitor’s product to discover product improvements Research-based – Basic research – Applied research – Development

Design Considerations Legal Factors (Mandatory) – Product liability: The responsibility a manufacturer has for any injuries or damages caused by as faulty product Ethics Human Factors Cultural Factors Environmental Factors: sustainability – 3R: reduce, reuse, recycle Life Stage Standardization Mass Customerization – Delayed differentiation and Modular design

Quality Function Deployment/The House of Quality An approach that integrates the “voice of the customer” into both product and service development The purpose is to ensure that customer requirements are factored into every aspect of the process Kano Model – Basic quality – Performance quality – Excitement quality

Designing (products) for Production 1.Concurrent engineering 2.Computer-Assisted Design (CAD) 3.Production requirements a.Design For Manufacturing (DFM) b.Design For Assembly (DFA) 4.Component commonality

Reliability Reliability is expressed as a probability: – (Single Component Reliability) The probability that a part, or a single component works. – The probability that the product or system will function when activated – The probability that the product or system will function for a given length of time

What is this system’s reliability? (1-.95)*.81-((1-.75)*(1-.8)*(1-.85)).9+(1-.9)*.7.99*.9925* (1-.85)*(.8+(1-.8)*.75)

Exponential Distribution

Exponential Distribution – Formula

Availability The fraction of time a piece of equipment is expected to be available for operation

CHAPTER 7

Quality of Work Life Important aspects of quality of work life: – Working conditions Physical Psychological – Compensation Time-based systems Output-based systems – Incentive programs Knowledge-based systems – Job Design

Behavioral Approaches to Job Design Job Enlargement – Giving a worker a larger portion of the total task by horizontal loading Job Enrichment – Increasing responsibility for planning and coordination tasks, by vertical loading Job Rotation – Workers periodically exchange jobs

Observed Time

Normal Time Assumes that performance ratings are made on an element- by-element basis

Standard Time

Suppose a worker can do k cycles per day. ST

Example (from Problem Solving) Ahe worker’s time averaged 1.9 minutes per cycle, and the worker was given a rating of 120 percent. Assuming an allowance factor of 12 percent of workday, determine the standard time for this job. Solution: ST = NT*AF=(1.9*120%)*(1/(1-12%))=2.59

RECALL FROM CHAPTER 1

Supply and Demand Supply Demand > > Supply Demand < < Supply Demand = = Wasteful Costly Wasteful Costly Opportunity Loss Customer Dissatisfaction Opportunity Loss Customer Dissatisfaction Ideal Operations & Supply Chains Operations & Supply Chains Sales & Marketing

4 Sources of Process Variation Variety of goods or services being offered – The greater the variety of goods and services offered, the greater the variation in production or service requirements. Structural variation in demand – These are generally predictable (seasonal variation or seasonality, e.g., swimwear, warm clothes, Christmas, tourist seasons, school supplies). – They are important for capacity planning Random variation – Natural variation that is present in all processes (e.g., random demand etc.). Generally, it cannot be influenced by managers. Assignable variation – Variation that has identifiable sources. (e.g., defective inputs, incorrect work methods, equipment etc.) – This type of variation can be reduced, or eliminated, by analysis and corrective action.

Case Study Apple Readies a Big Bet on Big-Screen Phones What design considerations have Apple put into their new product? – Legal/ethical – Human factors – Cultural factors – Environmental factors – Standardization/Customerization How big is the bet? – Quantity of the new products.