Authority and Aggression social influence social norms learned, socially based rules reciprocity norm not universal nor unchanging

Conformity Conformity: behavior or beliefs changed to match group. unspoken group pressure, real or imagined Public conformity (cf. compliance= grant request) socially desirable, behavior Private acceptance group is right, beliefs and behavior

Conformity Behavior changes because of a request Sherif’s (1937) study of norm formation, and the autokinetic effectSherif’s Asch’s (1956) study of conformity to an incorrect normAsch’s

Sherif (1936) Establishment of Group Norms

All Trials = 33% Some Trials = 75% Asch Conformity

When Did People Conform? More ambiguity size of the majority (3+) consistent minority (single correct dissenter 5% conformity) collectivistic > individualistic less so when others can’t hear answers minimal gender differences

Group Size

Minority

Obedience How far will people go to obey authority?

Obedience Response to a demand from an authority figure Milgram’s obedience experiments (direct commands) Stanford Prison (“roles” as authority)

Studying Obedience in the Laboratory

Results of Milgram’s Initial Obedience Experiment

How far will people go?

Factors Affecting Obedience experimenter status and prestige behavior of other people (model quits) personality characteristics authoritarianism proximity to subject

Elements of Authoritarianism Acceptance of conservative values Unquestioningly follow authority Act aggressively Back

CONFORMITY VARIES 65% 62.5% 40% 30% Next

Evaluating Obedience Research How relevant today? Were his experiments ethical? What do Milgram’s dramatic results mean?

Milgram Replication (2009)

“Game of Death” Even higher obedience rates Clip

Willing participants? Within 20 minutes he was reduced to a twitching, shuddering wreck, who was rapidly approaching nervous collapse. He constantly pulled on his ear lobe, and twisted his hands. At one point he pushed his fist into his forehead and muttered ‘Oh God, lets stop it’. An yet he continued to respond to every word of the experimenter, and obeyed to the end.

How did you feel about your participation in this experiment? DefiantObedient Very glad Glad Neither Sorry Very sorry

Milgram’s Conclusion “Human nature cannot be counted on to insulate man from brutality at the hands of his fellow man when orders come from what is perceived as a legitimate authority”

Groups and Deindividuation Characteristics: “submerged in the group” loss the sense of individuality not personally accountable for one’s actions attention diverted from internal thoughts Examples, Jim Jones and the “Peoples Temple”, 900 dead

Stanford Prison Zimbardo’s Study assigned roles as guards or prisoner prisoners arrested at home, strip searched, and finger printed by real officers guards enforce rules rebellion quashed discontinued after few days Prisoner #8612 began suffering from acute emotional disturbance, disorganized thinking, uncontrollable crying, and rage

Helping and Altruism Any act intended to benefit another (help) Unselfish concern/action (altruism)

Why? learning to be helpful young children need reward adults gain social approval role of cultural norms reciprocity

Arousal: Cost-Reward Theory unpleasant arousal from suffering victim is reduced helping costs not helping costs

Arousal Theory clarity of the need for help presence of others Bystander effect Diffusion of responsibility personality of helper

Murder of Kitty Genovese (1964)

38 witnesses none helped 35 minute attack slow to report some watched others closed windows relevant today?

Other Approaches Empathy-Altruism Theory: feel empathy toward the person in need Evolutionary: helping others is adaptive (not at all altruistic) helping relative help group

Group Processes Cooperation: work together to attain a goal Competition: winner gets goal, loser gets nothing Conflict: Other agent interferes with the attainment of a goal

Social Dilemmas Best action best for each individual will, if adopted by others, create a loss for all Reflects conflicts between: individual versus group short-term and long-term interests

Prisoner’s Dilemma

Effects of Group Social Facilitation: improvement Social Impairment: reduction Social Loafing: less effort

Presence of Others Well-Learned Responses Physiological Arousal Improved PerformanceImproved Performance Impaired PerformanceImpaired Performance On well- learned or simple tasks, the dominant response is correctOn well- learned or simple tasks, the dominant response is correct On new or complex tasks, the dominant response is often wrongOn new or complex tasks, the dominant response is often wrong Well-Learned ResponsesWell-Learned Responses

Leadership Styles Task-Oriented: close supervision, gives orders, no discussion. Person-Oriented: loose supervision, responds to group members’ ideas feelings. One style is not better than the other.

Groupthink

group makes more drastic choices Particularly likely: group is isolated time pressure limited evaluation of alternative solutions strong leader with agenda

Groupthink (cont’d) Consequences closed-minded alternatives quickly dismissed suppression of dissent infallibility Ways of avoiding groupthink member plays the “devil’s advocate” encourage diverse opinions