Chapter 4 Cognitive Development
Assimilation and Accomodation Disequilibrium and Equilibration Stages of Cognitive Development –Sensorimotor Thinking –Preoperational Thinking
Sub-stages of the Sensorimotor Stage Exercising reflexes –e.g., sucking a nipple Primary Circular Reaction –Learning to adapt –Pleasure & own body –e.g., thumb sucking Secondary Circular Reaction –Making interesting events –Environment and pleasure –e.g., shaking a toy to hear a sound
Sensorimotor Sub-Stages Continued… Behaving intentionally –e.g., moving an obstacle to reach a toy Tertiary Circular Reaction –Experimenting –Different Objects/Different Outcomes –e.g., shaking different toys to hear the sounds they make Symbolic Processing –e.g., eating pretend food with pretend fork
Pre-Operational Thinking Egocentrism Animism Irreversibility Appearance as Reality
Information Processing General principles Attention Memory Quantitative knowledge –3 principles
Quantitative Knowledge One-To-One Principle Stable Order Principle Cardinality Principle
Learning Zone of Proximal Development –Differences b/w what a child can do with and without assistance Scaffolding –Gauging amount of assistance to offer depending on learner’s needs Private Speech –Comments not intended for others –Used by kids to regulate own behavior
Language Road to Speech Perceiving Speech –Phonemes = basic building blocks of language, including vowels and consonant sounds –Habituation = when an infant gets tired of a repetitive action like sucking
Steps to Speech Cooing3 Months Babbling4-5 Months Intonation7 Months
Styles of Learning Language Referential –When use words that dominate others b/c they are familiar names, objects, or actions Expressive –Include some names but also many social phrases that are used like a single word –e.g., Go Away
From 2 Words to Complex Sentences Telegraphic Speech –Involves words of key meaning and importance Grammatical Morphemes –Words or ending of words that make a sentence grammatical –Ability begins in preschool years
Communicating with Others 3 Key Elements 1.Take turns speaking and listening 2.Speak effectively –Remarks should be clear and from own perspective 3.Listen well –Pay attention and let speaker know if their remarks make sense
First Words & Many More Words as Symbols –Understand words as symbols at months Fast Mapping of Words –Underextensions = define word too narrowly –Overextensions = define word too broadly Encourage Language Growth