Development Subtitle

Overview Big Questions: Nature vs. Nurture Stability vs. Change Continuity vs. Stage development People: Piaget, Erikson, Freud, Kohlberg, Lev Vygotsky (Zone of Proximal development/Scaffolding), Harlow, Ainsworth, Baumrind, Gilligan

Research Longitudinal Same group over time Better data More difficult, time-consuming Cross-Sectional Different age groups at same time Easier/faster Data not as reliable

Prenatal Development Genetics Twin: Identical vs. Fraternal Temperatment: Jerome Kagan Bold vs. Shy babies tend to be similar when older Teratogens FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) Zygote to Embryo to Fetus Most developmental damage to major body systems occurs during the embryonic stage

Reflexes Rooting Sucking Grasping Moro Babinski: stroke foot, will spread toes

Newborn Senses Like sweet tastes Rely on hearing Best sight range is 8-12 in. Like faces Motor skills: Most roll over, then stand, then walk

Attachment Harry Harlow: Mother Love Baby monkeys prefer soft mother over wire/food mother Deprivation of attachment had long term effects Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting in geese (humans don’t) Mary Ainsworth: Strange Situation Secure vs. Insecure (Avoidant & Anxious/Ambivalent) Attachments Long-term: Secures are better socially

Parenting Styles: Diana Baumrind Authoritative (most beneficial) Authoritarian Permissive Neglectful

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Fixation: Anal Retentive v. Expulsive, Oral Oedipus Complex & Electra Complex

Erikson: Psychsocial Stages Neo-Freudian, but more emphasis on experience with others.

Piaget: Cognitive Development Kids think differently than adults Use Schemata to Assimilate & Accommodate new experiences Sensorimotor: Object Perm. Preop: Symbolic thought; Centrated; Egocentric, Lack conservation, reversibility & hierarchical classification, Animistic (ex: flowers have feelings) Concrete: Fix preop issues Formal: Abstract, Hypothetical & Metacognition (think about how we think)

Criticisms of Piaget Underestimated young children: Habituation studies now show infant thought Development is more continuous Information Processing Model: Our abilities to memorize, interpret and perceive gradually develop

Kohlberg’s Moral Development Heinz’s Dilemma: Steal drug for wife? Criticisms: Western Culture bias **This is important! Carol Gilligan suggests gender differences may exist in moral reasoning (men are more cut/dry; women evaluate situation/relationships more)

Gender Development Gender Schema Theory By internalizing messages, we develop schemata for male/female behavior Social Learning Theory We are encouraged by our environment to behave male/female