Referencing in APA format

Session aims: Recap: Importance of referencing General guidelines for referencing in APA format. ◦In text and end of text referencing ◦Referencing various types of sources: journal articles, books and webpages.

Importance of referencing:  Distinguish between ideas  Enable further reading/research  Avoid plagiarism

What to reference?  Opinions  Claims  Statements  Theories  Data (statistics and figures)

In text citations General Formatting Cite the last name of the author and year of publication. If the author's name is used in the text, put the date in brackets. When Duncan (1959) studied... Eysenck (1975) demonstrated that……. If the author's name is not in the text, enclose last name and year in brackets. When these relationships were studied (Gouldner, 1963)... It has been demonstrated that….. (DeMello, 1993)

In text citations Multiple authors: One or two authors: Cite the names every time the reference occurs:  Smythe and Jones (2001) found... (first and subsequent citations) ... as has been shown (Smythe & Jones, 2001).  Note: ‘&’ in brackets, ‘and’ outside brackets.

In text citations Three to five authors: Cite all authors in the first instance, thereafter, only first author followed by "et al." (not underlined or italicised and with no full stop after "et") and the year of publication. Campbell, Brady, Bradley, and Smithson (1991) found that... (first citation) (Carr et al. 1962) or Car et al. (1962) found that...(later citations) Six or more authors: Cite only the first author followed by "et al." and the year. Campbell et al. (1991) found that... (subsequent citations)

In text citations Multiple works (separate work with semi-colons) Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (Jones, 1975; Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech & Thomas, 2004). Order by year (oldest to newest) Previous reports have identified low reliability scores in the psychoticism scale (Bishop, 1977; Block, 1977; Francis et al. 1992; Francis et al. 2001).  Note: When the dates are the same, refer to end of text referencing (Alphabetical).

In text citations Direct quote: Source Year Page number As a grammatical continuation of your sentence: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that “ everyone has the right to seek and enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution” (Balilliet, 2003, p. 747).  Note: One p. for page number As a complete sentence introduced by author: Wilcox (1998) stated that “Occupational therapists have proved poor at valuing the profession’s philosophical base and have failed to…” (p. 21).

End of text referencing Match with in text citations ‘Referencing’ top left of page Alphabetical order Formatted with hanging indent Page break before Spacing- 1.5 or 2

End of text referencing Journal articles: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page numbers (xxx-xxx). doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxx When doi is not available use URL: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page numbers. Retrieved from When doi and URL are not available: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page numbers.  Note: Issue number is not italicised. No space between volume number and issue number

End of text referencing Books: Author, A. A. (year). Title of work: Subtitle. Location: Publisher. Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxxxx  Note: When DOIs are assigned, use them. A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique code used to identify its location on the Internet. doi (d non capitalised). Make every effort to locate the DOI - it may not be immediately obvious. Include subtitles. All titles must be italicised. First letter of title and subtitle in Capital. The rest of the title and subtitles should be in lower case lettering.

End of text referencing E-books: Whole e-book: Author, A. (date). Title of book. doi:xxxxxxxxxxxx Author, A. (date). Title of book. Retrieved from  Note: Similar to books, use doi when possible.

End of text referencing Webpages: Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description if necessary e.g. pdf. Non-italicised]. Retrieved from No author: Webpage.(date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from… No date: UK National Statistics. (n.d.). Adult critical care data [Format description]. Retrieved from Include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time): American Psychological Association. (2008, January 11). HIV Office on Psychology Education (HOPE). Retrieved June 24, 2008, from

End of text referencing Multiple authors: Up to seven authors: List all authors names. Dyer, B., Pizzorno, C. C., Qu, K., Valach, L., Marshall, S. K., & Young, R. A. (2010). Unconscious processes in a career counselling case: An action- theoretical perspective. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 38(3), doi: / More than seven authors: List the first six and then the last. Vaillancourt, T., Trinh, V., McDougall, P., Duku, E., Cunningham, L., Cunningham, C.,... Short, K. (2010). Optimizing population screening of bullying in school-aged children. Journal of School Violence, 9(3), doi: / In-text citation: (Vaillancourt et al. 2010).  Note: No ampersand (&) for more than seven authors.

For further assistance with APA formatting: ce/560/01/ ce/560/01/