Arab-Israeli Conflict Arab Nationalism vs. Jewish Nationalism

Palestinian nationalism grew with general Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

Nationalism in Europe stimulated ideas for a Jewish nation.

1897: Theodore Herzl founded the World Zionist Organization (WZO)

Zionism: the movement to create a Jewish nation in Palestine

Theodore Herzl

The Zionists encouraged Jewish settlement in Palestine

The Zionist threat helped define them as separate nationalists

Despite much Arab opposition, most of the land was purchased from Arab owners

Palestine: British mandate after WWI

1917: The Balfour Declaration (page 587- last paragraph)

Hatred and distrust grew between Arabs and Jews under British control

The Arab Palestinian Revolt was a turning point.

Haganah, a defense force, was formed against Arab violence.

By 1936 it had 40,000 troops

England, caught between Arabs and Jews, restricted immigration.

The Holocaust united Jews (esp. the U.S.) for the idea of a Jewish state and WWII weakened the British.

1946: Irgun bombed the King David Hotel, the British military headquarters.

90 people were killed

The British decided to leave and turn over the problem to the U.N.

The U.N. Partition Plan 1947 Palestine divided between the Jews and the Arabs; Jerusalem internationalized

The Jews accepted the partition.

1948: David Ben- Gurion announced Israel’s independence

The Arabs rejected the partition. Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq attacked.

War for Israeli Independence 1948 Israel defeated Arabs

Three More Wars War in the Sinai (1956) - Raids and reprisals between the Arabs and Israel, and Egypt's seizure of the Suez Canal, led to Israel's invasion of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel withdrew in 1957 after its access to the Persian Gulf was guaranteed by the United Nations. Six Day War (1967 War): Israel captured Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Old City of Jerusalem (which Israel later annexed), and Gaza. The war ended by a U.N.-arranged cease-fire. The United States called on the Israelis to withdraw from occupied territories but did not specify how much land it should give up. Yom Kippur War (1973) - Egypt and Syria launched a joint attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day, Yom Kippur, to regain lost territory. Caught off-guard, Israel took several days to mobilize, suffering heavy casualties, but it forced the opposition back. Establishes Israel as the dominant military power in the region

Ben-Gurion became Israel’s first prime minister.

Israel became a multi-party parliamentary democracy.

Arafat founded Fatah: The Palestinian National Liberation Movement

1964: Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) is founded.

2004: Arafat Died

Mahmoud Abbas became the next leader of the PLO

Camp David Accords 1979 U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. Egypt and Israel signed the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab nation. It formally ended the state of war that had existed between them for 30 years. In return for Egypt's recognition of Israel's right to exist, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula. The two nations also formally established diplomatic relations.

Oslo Accords 1993 Secret negotiations between Israel and the PLO resulted in a treaty that included mutual recognition, limited self-rule for Palestinians Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin agreed to work towards a Palestinian state

Identifications OPEC Refugee Intifada Occupied territories Camp David Accords Oslo Accords Nationalism Shatt-al-Arab

Arafat and Rabin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

“Road Map” to Peace 2003 A plan developed by the European Union, Russia, UN, and United States and presented to the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government. A three phase peace process that culminates with the creation of a Palestinian state.

2005: Israel began removing all Jewish settlers from the occupied territories (Gaza)

In 2006 Fatah lost elections for the PA to the Islamic fundamentalist party Hamas

Abbas dismissed the Hamas government and currently rules by decree

Remaining Issues to Peace Control of Jerusalem Palestinian Statehood (Borders) Palestinian Refugees Right to return Jewish Settlements in the West Bank Terrorism