Chapter 2 © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Patterns of Crime © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

History of Crime Statistics published first official crime statistics © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. France (1825) & England (1828)

André Michel Guerry calculated per capita crime rates throughout various French provinces History of Crime Statistics Early 1800s © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Adolphe Quételet assessed the degree to which crime rates vary with climate, sex, and age History of Crime Statistics 1835 © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Crime Statistics Today United States Bureau of Justice Statistics Federal Bureau of Investigation © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Federal Bureau of Investigation UCR NIBRS Crime Statistics Today © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Uniform Crime Reports Begun in – FBI authorized to serve as a national clearinghouse on crime statistics Part I and Part II offenses © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Part I offense categories Violent personal crimes Property crimes Uniform Crime Reports © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

UCR – Violent Crimes Murder Forcible rape © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Aggravated assault UCR – Violent Crimes Robbery © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

UCR – Property Crimes Burglary Motor vehicle theft © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

UCR – Property Crimes Larceny Arson * © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. * May be a violent crime if it causes a death

Problems A reporting program Unreported and Underreported crimes True rates of crime are Underestimated Uniform Crime Reports © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

NIBRS Incident driven Gathers detailed information from a single incident Report © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Group A – 46 specific crimes Group B – 11 crimes (arrest only) NIBRS © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

1997 – Hate crime data reports added Hate crimes Also called bias crimes Uniform Crime Reports © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bureau of Justice Statistics N ational C rime V ictimization S urvey Crime Statistics Today © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

National Crime Victimization Survey Data collection began in 1972 Information elicited through interviews of randomly selected U.S. households © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Patterns of Change Since initiation of crime data collection (about 1930) three major shifts in crime rates have occurred © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

1940s – Crime rates decreased as the crime- prone age group left to fight World War II. 1960s – Crime rates increased as “baby boomers” entered the crime-prone age group. Patterns of Change © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Patterns of Change 1960s-1980s – Crime rates increased due to “normless” quality of American society. © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

1990s – Crime rates decreased as baby boomer generation aged-out of the crime-prone age group. Patterns of Change © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Unreported Crime Crimes that are not discovered (sometimes known as “the dark figure of crime”) © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Unreported Crime Data are gathered on this aspect of crime by self-report studies © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Social Dimensions of Crime Age and Crime Gender and Crime © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Social Dimensions of Crime Ethnicity and Crime Social Class and Crime © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Costs of Crime Victimizations generate $105 billion annually in property and productivity losses… © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Costs of Crime …and outlays for medical expenses © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Costs of Crime In dollar terms, pain, long- term emotional trauma, disability, and risk of death increase annual costs to $450 billion © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.