LECTURE 8 BISHOP BERKELEY DEMOLISHES THE “EXTERNAL WORLD”

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Frontiers of Western Philosophy Empiricism

Advertisements

Introduction The birth of Modern Aesthetics. German Philosopher Alexander Baumgerten ( ) gave us the name aesthetics. Doctrine of Mental Faculty:

Perception and the External World 1  Direct Realism is the doctrine that perception puts us in direct contact with reality.  “Direct” because nothing.

Berkeley’s Epistemology George Berkeley – Born in 1685 at Dysert Castle in Ireland. – Elected a junior lecturer at Trinity College in Dublin in 1707.

Concept innatism II: the case of substance Michael Lacewing

Berkeley’s idealism (brief)

LECTURE 9 BISHOP BERKELEY PRIMARY AND SECONDARY QUALITIES & THE “CONCEIVABILITY” ARGUMENT.

LOCKE ON PRIMARY AND SECONDARY QUALITIES

LOCKE’S CAUSAL THEORY OF PERCEPTION

 Heavily influenced by Aristotle and Descartes  Empiricists around his time: › Berkeley, & Hume (all Brits including Locke)  Rationalists around his.

From last time Pleasure /pain argument Perceptual relativity argument Criticism of primary/secondary quality distinction.

Indirect realism Michael Lacewing

Primary and secondary qualities Michael Lacewing

BERKELEY 1 paragraphs 1-21 THE EXTERNAL WORLD IS UNNECESSARY AND IMPOSSIBLE.

BERKELEY 2 paragraphs A WORLD OF MINDS AND IDEAS.

LECTURE 7 EXTERNALITY BERKELEY AND THE EXTERNAL WORLD.

Descartes argument for dualism

The Mind is a Blank Slate (a Tabula rasa).   Hard work & love of simplicity (virtues emphasized at home)  Studied:  Classics  Logic & Moral.

Introduction to Philosophy Lecture 10 Epistemology #3 (Berkeley)

BERKELEY’S CASE FOR IDEALISM (Part 2 of 2)

An Adventure into the land of... Starring: Empiricism.

From Last time Berkeley defines physical objects as collections of ideas God has ideas which constitute objects not perceived by finite beings A proof.

Today’s Lecture Preliminary comments on George Berkeley George Berkeley Preliminary comments on Bertrand Russell.

Matter is Not the Object of Our Perceptions (1)Sensible things are just those that are perceived by the senses. (2)The senses perceive nothing that they.

Berkeley, Ideas, Idealism and Representation. Phil: What do you mean by ‘sensible things’? Hyl: Things that are perceived by the senses. Can you imagine.

Rationalism and Empiricism

BERKELEY’S CASE FOR IDEALISM (Part 1 of 2) Text source: A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, sectns. 1-21,

Chapter 3: Knowledge Two Empiricist Theories of Knowledge: John Locke and Bishop Berkeley Introducing Philosophy, 10th edition Robert C. Solomon, Kathleen.

Art Elements Color. COLOR is light reflected off objects.

René Descartes ( AD) Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) (Text, pp )

A: No principles are innate 1.Everyone would have to know innate principles, but there is no such thing as a principle which everyone knows. 2.Even “Nothing.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HEAT & COLD. How the Body Produces Heat All food & drinks contain Calories A Calorie is the heat value of food Calories in the body.

Metaphysics in Early Modern Philosophy. The Atomic Theory of Matter The atomic theory poses a challenge to theories of substances or objects Atomic theory:

GEORGE BERKELEY ( ). Protestant Irish; Bishop of Cloyne A key figure in British empiricism Developed a form of subjective idealism.

BERKELEY’S PROJECT  Bishop George Berkeley ( )  Eccentric Genius; Early “American” Scholar  Background  Concern Over Ego-Centric Predicament.

BERKELEY AND IDEALISM Strange to claim there is an external world;

A set of instructions to wash your hands By Zoe Willis.

Berkeley’s Three Dialogues Is there material substance? Does the belief in material substance lead to skepticism?

1 The Empiricists: Berkeley Immaterialism Soazig Le Bihan - University of Montana.

Modern Philosophy Part Three.

Idealism PowerPoint. What is Idealism??? Some philosophers hold that if we push our investigation of matter far enough, we end up with only a mental world.

A tree falls in a forest but there is no one to hear it, does it make a sound?

After the first dialogue, Hylas admits, he is a skeptic—but so are you, he says to Philonous Phil: Not so! Skepticism only follows if you start by assuming.

Introduction to Philosophy Lecture 10 Epistemology #3 (Berkeley)

The secondary quality argument for indirect realism R1.When I look at a rose, I see something that is red. R2.The red thing cannot be the rose itself (since.

Indirect realism Also sometimes called ‘representative realism’

What is an example of a secondary quality?

1 John Locke’s Theory of Knowledge ( ). 2 Empiricist All knowledge is derived from experience.

John Locke: empiricist  There are no innate ideas.  ALL knowledge comes from sense experience.

LOCKE’S PROJECT  John Locke ( )  Major Thinker In Metaphysics, Epistemology And Political Philosophy  Our Lockean Roots  Rejecting Descartes’

An Empiricist Theory of Knowledge Locke’s Theory of Knowledge Lecture 6.

Scientific Realism: Appearance and Reality Reality what a concept Ian Hacking.

Sensible Qualities Things like heat ARE qualities that are subjective. These are secondary qualities. Everyone agrees that secondary qualities DO have.

Indirect realism Learning objectives: to understand the objection to indirect realism that it leads to scepticism about the nature of the external world.

Primary and secondary qualities

Minds and Bodies.

Michael Lacewing Indirect realism Michael Lacewing © Michael Lacewing.

Indirect Realism Understand the argument put forward by the indirect realist. Explain how a indirect realist would respond to perceptual problems. ‘Does.

The secondary quality argument for indirect realism

Michael Lacewing Berkeley’s idealism Michael Lacewing © Michael Lacewing.

George Berkeley’s Theory of Knowledge

Recap So Far: Direct Realism

Do we directly perceive objects? (25 marks)

Problems with IDR Before the holidays we discussed two problems with the indirect realist view. If we can’t perceive the external world directly (because.

What keywords / terms have we used so far

Recap – Indirect Realism Basics

Chapter 11 Idealism.

LOCKE’S CASE FOR THE PRIMARY-SECONDARY QUALITY DISTINCTION

Descartes and Hume on knowledge of the external world

Presentation transcript:

LECTURE 8 BISHOP BERKELEY DEMOLISHES THE “EXTERNAL WORLD”

WHAT ARE THE IMMEDIATE OBJECTS OF PERCEPTION? PHILONOUS REPRESENTS BERKELEY. HYLAS IS A PHILOSOPHICALLY EDUCATED FOIL FOR BERKELEY’S ARGUMENTS. “WHAT IS A “SENSIBLE ‘OBJECT’”? A SENSIBLE OBJECT IS AN IMMEDIATE OBJECT OF PERCEPTION

WHAT IS IMMEDIATELY PERCEIVED?

BERKELEY’S “SENSIBLE QUALITIES” ARGUMENT (1)THE “SENSIBLE OBJECTS” ARE THE IMMEDIATE OBJECTS OF PERCEPTION. (2)THE IMMEDIATE OBJECTS OF PERCEPTION ARE SENSIBLE QUALITIES (OR COMBINATIONS OF SUCH). (3) A SENSIBLE QUALITY CANNOT BE OUTSIDE OF THE MIND – SUCH QUALITIES ARE PARTS OF SENSATIONS.

CONCLUSION (4)THE SENSIBLE OBJECTS ARE MENTAL: QUALITIES AND COMBINATIONS OF QUALITIES IN THE MIND. BERKELEY TAKES THIS TO MEAN THAT THE COMMONSENSE OBJECTS OF PERCEPTION ARE ENTIRELY WITHIN THE MIND (THERE REALLY IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE IN AN “EXTERNAL WORLD”.

THE CONTINUITY ARGUMENT (1)HEAT VARIES CONTINUOUSLY FROM A SMALL DEGREE TO AN INTENSE DEGREE. (2) AN INTENSE DEGREE OF HEAT IS IDENTICAL WITH THE PAIN FELT BY A PERCEIVER. (3)PAIN IS ENTIRELY WITHIN THE MIND OF THE PERCEIVER. (4) ALL DEGREES OF HEAT ARE “EQUALLY REAL” (I.E., IN THE MIND OR WITHOUT THE MIND)

CONCLUSION (5) HEAT IN ALL ITS DEGREES IS A SENSIBLE QUALITY IN THE MIND OF THE PERCEIVER. PHILONOUS (BERKELEY) ALSO ARGUES THAT A WARMTH CAN BE IDENTICAL WITH A PLEASURE – AND HENCE ALSO LOW DEGREES OF HEAT ARE ENTIRELY WITHIN THE MIND.

THE LUKEWARM WATER ARGUMENT (1)IF A PERCEIVER PUTS A COLD HAND AND A WARM HAND INTO LUKEWARM WATER, THE WATER WILL BE FELT COLD AND HOT. (2) THE SAME THING CANNOT BE BOTH COLD AND HOT AT THE SAME TIME. (3) THE COLDNESS AND THE HOTNESS MUST BE SENSIBLE QUALITIES IN THE MIND (IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF “TACTILE SPACE.”)

THE PIN AND THE COAL (1)WHEN A PERCEIVER “PRICKS HIS FINGER WITH A PIN”, THE PAIN IS CERTAINLY NOT IN THE PIN. (2) BY ANALOGY, WHEN A PERCEIVER “BURNS HIS FINGER WITH A COAL”, THE HEAT IS IDENTICAL WITH THE PAIN AND IS CERTAINLY NOT IN THE COAL.

SUGAR AND WORMWOOD (1) WHEN THE SWEETNESS OF SUGAR IS PERCEIVED, IT IS A PLEASURE. (2) WHEN THE BITTERNESS OF WORMWOOD IS PERCEIVED, IT IS A DISPLEASURE. (3) PLEASURES AND DISPLEASURE MUST BE IN THE MIND OF A PERCEIVER. SO SWEETNESS AND BITTERNESS ARE IN THE MIND.

ODORS, MOTIONS, SOUNDS, COLORS, SIZE, EXTENSION PHILONOUS ARGUES CASE BY CASE THAT SENSIBLE QUALITIES ARE ALL IN THE MIND – INCLUDING MOTION (!). HYLAS APPEALS TO THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY QUALITIES.