PHOME PHOtonic MEtamaterials FORTH, Crete, Greece Univ. of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey Imperial College, London, England Final Meeting Oct. 9, 2011 Barcelona, Spain FET-Open project FP

PHOME Final review meeting Hotel Barcelo Sants, Barcelona, Spain October 9, : :30 Overview by coordinator, Soukoulis 13: :45 Discussion 13: :15 Activities in WP1 (Modeling) Kafesaki/Soukoulis 14: :30 Discussion 14: :45 Activities in WP1 (Theory) Pendry/Aubry 14: :30 Activities in WP2 & WP3 (Fabrication & Characterization) Wegener 15: :45 Discussion 15:45 -16:00 Activities in WP2 & WP3 (Fabrication & Characterization) Ozbay 16:00 -16:15 Discussion 16:15 -16:45 Internal discussion of Commission with reviewers 16:45 -17:00 Feedback from the Commission 17:00 Dinner

Participants of the PHOME project Theory: C. M. Soukoulis, E. N. Economou Maria Kafesaki, Th. Koschny Raluka Penciu, Nia-Hai Shen Experiment: G. Deligiorgis, G. Kenakakis, G. Konstandinidis, N. Katsarakis S. Tzortzakis Ekmel Ozbay M. Gokkavas K. Aydin, Z. Li I. Bulu, B. Alici H. Caglay J. Pendry A. Aubry FORTH Martin Wegener S. Linden, M. S. Rill M. Decker, M. Ruther C. E. Kriegler, M. Thiel

In the PHOME project we have three scientific work packages and two extra ones. WP1 (FORTH) deals with the modeling and theory of photonic metamaterials (PMMs) WP2 (Bilkent) deals with the fabrication of photonic metamaterials (GHz to THz) WP3 (Karlsruhe) deals with optical characterization and testing of PMMs WP4 (Imperial) deals with the dissemination of the PMMs results WP5 (FORTH) deals with the project management

List and schedule of milestones

Tasks and Deliverables for WP1 (Theory and Modeling) Tasks: T1.1. Design of 3d connected PMMs and the extraction of the effective parameters. T1.2. Software and method development to model 3d chiral metallic nanostructures. T1.3. Self-consistent calculations of incorporating gain and non-linearity in PMMs. Reduction of losses. T1.4. Blueprints for thin-film isolators, for electro-optic modulators and optical switching. Deliverables: D3=D1.1 (M12) Blueprints for bulk connected PMM and chiral structures. D5=D1.2 (M12) Report on self-consistent semi-classical theory of gain and non-linearity in PMMs. D9=D1.3 (M24) Blueprints of ICT relevant demonstrators such as: thin-film optical isolators, electro-optic modulators and optical switching. D11=D1.4 (M36) Assessment of the existence of IR and optical PMMs. WP1 Leader: FORTH

Tasks and Deliverables for WP2 (Fabrication of PMMs) Tasks: T2.1. Application of chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) apparatus for metal coating of 3d templates from the inside. T2.2. Conversion of theoretical blueprints from WP1 into 3d polymer structures that can actually be made via direct laser writing and CVD coating. Test of the designs also in larger structures, operating at GHz range. T2.3. Optimization of successive electron-beam lithography, electron-beam evaporation, and planarization processes specifically for the novel materials and substrates involved T2.4. Realization of metamaterial structures allowing for electrical contacts (for electro-optic modulation). WP2 Leader: Bilkent

Deliverables for WP2 (Fabrication of PMMs) Deliverables: D4=D2.1 (M12) Fabrication of first bulk metallic magnetic metamaterials operating at optical frequencies made by direct laser writing (DLW) and metal chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) or metal electrochemistry (EC). Fabrication of structures operating at GHz and THz. D8=D2.2 (M24) Assessment of luminescent/gain materials incorporated into photonic metamaterials, enabling a decision whether loss compensation at optical frequencies is possible. If yes, the metamaterials can be used as optical modulators (ICT relevant), and even demonstrators of “perfect lenses” come in reach. D9=D2.3 (M24) Blueprints of ICT relevant demonstrators such as: thin-film optical isolators, electro-optic modulators and optical switching. D10=D2.4 (M24) Report on bulk chiral metamaterials made via successive electron-beam lithography. D11=D2.5 (M36) Assessment of the existence of IR and optical PMMs D12=D2.6 (M36) Report on the fabrication issues and optical characterization of bulk metamaterials made by DLW and CVD/EC WP2 Leader: Bilkent

Tasks: T3.1. Optical characterization of all PMMs made in WP2. T3.2. Linear optical characterization of all PMMs made in WP2 and parameter retrieval. T3.3. Experiments on frequency conversion from tailored structures designed in WP1 and fabricated in WP2. T3.4. Luminescence experiments on emitters embedded in or in the vicinity of PMMs under low (modified spontaneous emission) and high (gain) optical pumping. WP3 Leader: Karlsruhe Tasks and Deliverables for WP3 (Optical characterization and testing)

Deliverables: D6=D3.1 (M12) Characterization of the first bulk metallic magnetic metamaterials operating at optical frequencies made by direct laser writing (DLW) and metal chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) or metal electrochemistry (EC). D8=D3.2 (M24) Assessment of luminescent/gain materials incorporated into PMMs, enabling a decision whether loss compensation at optical frequencies is possible. If yes, the metamaterials can be used as optical modulators (ICT relevant), and even demonstrators of “perfect lenses” come in reach. D9=D3.3 (M24) Blueprints of ICT relevant demonstrators such as: thin-film optical isolators, electro-optic modulators and optical switching. D10=D3.4 (M24) Report on bulk chiral metamaterials and their optical properties, especially regarding potential use as an optical isolator as an ICT relevant device. D11=D3.5 (M36) Assessment of the existence of IR and optical PMMs D12=D3.6 (M36) Report on the fabrication issues and optical characterization of bulk metamaterials made by DLW and CVD/EC Deliverables for WP3 (Optical characterization and testing) WP3 Leader: Karlsruhe

Tasks and Deliverables for WP4 (Dissemination of project results) Tasks: T4.1: Connection of the PHOME’s research with the world-wide state of the art T4.2: Dissemination of PHOME results (publications, conferences, and workshops) T4.3: Contribution to portfolio and concentration activities at FET-Open level Deliverables: D01=D4.1 (M06) Web-page creation D13=D4.2 (M36) Final plan for dissemination and use of foreground D15=D4.3 (M36) Report on awareness and wider societal implications D16=D4.4 (M36) Photonic Metamaterials sessions at an international conference (FORTH – abstracts and proceedings submitted to EU) WP4 Leader: Imperial Tasks and Deliverables for WP5 (Consortium Management) WP5 Leader: FORTH

Design and realization of 3d photonic metamaterials. Design and fabrication of chiral photonic metamaterials. Realization of active optical materials with incorporation of gain and nonlinearity into photonic metamaterials. Understanding and reducing the losses in photonic metamaterials. Achievement of electro-optic modulation via photonic metamaterials Overall Program Objectives

WP1 Theory and Simulations: Development of modeling tools for transmission calculations and of an inversion procedure. Development of the retrieval procedure for chiral metamaterials (MMs). Find new designs for planar and non-planar chiral MMs that give n<0. Developed a 3d self-consistent method to treat active materials in dispersive media. Compensate losses with gain, if possible. Pump-probe simulations. Presented connected bulk negative index photonic MMs for direct laser writing. Able to mimic the quantum EIT in classical systems as coupled SRRs. Dispersive engineering, slow-light and low losses. Proposed chiral metamaterials to reduce the the attractive Casimir force and may be obtain repulsive Casimir force. Adopted conformal transformation, and proposed new plasmonic designs of capable of an efficient harvesting of light broadband.

WP2 & WP3 Fabrication and Measurements: First realization of 3d gold-helix photonic MM via DLW into a positive-tone photoresist and subsequent infilling with gold via electroplating. For the first time, we fabricate non-planar chiral MMs and demonstrate that give n<0 and strongly optical activity. Fabrication of pairs of twisted gold crosses at 1.5  m and 4 U’s at 3  m with strong optical activity. Dynamic response of MMs in the THz regime: Blue shift tunability and broadband phase modulation. Pump-probe experiments on arrays of silver SRRs coupled with quantum wells First demonstration of 3D invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths made via 3D DLW. MMs based enhanced transmission through sub-wavelength apertures. Broadband perfect absorbers polarization independent.

WP4 Dissemination:(Third year) 59 publications (published). 1 Science; 1 Nat. Phot.; 9 Opt. Express; 6 Apl. Phys. Lett.; 2 ACS Nano 3 Phys. Rev. Lett.; 6 Phys. Rev. B ; 7 Opt. Letters; 3 Nano Lett. 60 invited conferences. 22 seminars at Universities and Institutions. Participation in the organization of conferences or sessions devoted in photonic metamaterials. SPIE 2010, San Diego, USA, August 2010; SPIE 2011, San Diego, USA, August 2011 Metamaterials Congress, Karlsruhe, Germany, September 2010 PECS-IX, Granada, Spain, September nd Medi-Nano Interational Conference, Belgrade, Serbia, October rd Internat. Workshop on Theoretical and Computational Nanophotonics, Bad Honnef, Dec rd NanoMeta-2011 International Meeting, Seefeld, Austria, January 2011 SPIE Photonics Europe 2011,”Metamaterials,” Prague, Czech Republic, April 2011 ICMAT 2011, Singapore, June 2011 WAVEPRO Conference, Rethymno, Crete, Greece, June 2011 Karlsruhe’s group discuss with industries about potential applications of Photonic MMs as optical isolators.

Review articles on 3D Photonic Metamaterials. (Nat. Phot. 5, 523 (2011); Science 330, 1633 (2010)) Demonstration of 3D invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths with DLW. (Opt. Lett. 36, 1533 (2011); Opt. Lett. 36, 2059 (2011); Opt. Exp. 18, (2011)) Pump-probe experiments on arrays of silver SRRs coupled with quantum wells. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, (2011); Opt. Exp. 18, (2010)) Self-consistent calculations of metamaterials with gain. (Phys. Rev. B. 82, (R) (2010); Opt. Exp. 19, (2011)) Fabrication of chiral MMs with strong optical activity. (Opt. Lett. 35, 1593 (2010); APL 97, (2010); APL 98, (2011); Opt. Exp. 19, 14290(2011) ) Retarded long-rangeinteraction in SRRs square arrays. (Phys. Rev. B. 84, (2011)) Dispersive engineering: EIT, Slow-light structures and low losses. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, (2011); Appl. Phys. Lett, 97, (2010)) Dynamic Response of Metamaterials in the THz regime: Tunability & Switching. (Phys. Rev. Lett, 106, (2011)) Broadband perfect absorbers polarization independent. (Opt. Exp. 19, (2011); J. of Appl. Phys. 108, (2010)) Transformation Optics: Interaction btween plasmonic nanoparticles. (PRB. 83, (2011); PRB. 82, & (2010); PRL 105, ); ACS Nano 5, 3293)) Progress Highlights for PHOME

PHOME Final review meeting Hotel Barcelo Sants, Barcelona, Spain October 9, : :30 Overview by coordinator, Soukoulis 13: :45 Discussion 13: :15 Activities in WP1 (Modeling) Kafesaki/Soukoulis 14: :30 Discussion 14: :45 Activities in WP1 (Theory) Pendry/Aubry 14: :30 Activities in WP2 & WP3 (Fabrication & Characterization) Wegener 15: :45 Discussion 15:45 -16:00 Activities in WP2 & WP3 (Fabrication & Characterization) Ozbay 16:00 -16:15 Discussion 16:15 -16:45 Internal discussion of Commission with reviewers 16:45 -17:00 Feedback from the Commission 17:00 Dinner