UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Session 6.4. Assessment 2: Working with Sectoral Indicators - Sites and Shelters Corbis
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Objectives After completing this session, participants will be able to: Explain the essential links between refugee protection and site planning List the sector standards and indicators critical to effective site & shelter planning Describe some of the major factors that affect the decision as to what type of shelter should be used in a displacement emergency Understand and use basic indicators for assessing and designing emergency site and shelter responses
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Refugee camps seldom function well. They should be the last choice for provision of shelter. UNHCR photo
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training So Why Plan Refugee Camps? Protection Administrative control Managing needs planning Health & prevention of disease Provision of basic services Protection of environment Save Lives Reduce Costs Protect Refugees
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Site Selection & Protection Situate site to protect it against threats from: authorities of country of origin b.bandits c.the local population d.others? Standard - sites should be safe for refugees and displaced Indicator - site is located more than 50 k from the border (UNHCR & Sphere)
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Site Selection & Protection (cont) Consider: relationship between refugees and local community - past and present compatibility of local community and refugees (ethnic origin, customs, religion, etc.)
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Site Selection Concerns Security and protection? Access to site? Water supply/Water table? Size/Surface area Topography Soils: clay, sand, rock, gravel - erosion - drainage - floods Slope ~2% The IDEAL situation for:
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training The THREE D’s of camp planning... Drainage! Camp Hope - June 1999
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Land rights, tenure issues Vegetation Soil erosion Disease patterns Climate & wind Site Selection: Environmental Issues Jalozai, camp, Pakistan2001
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Indicators of an acceptable site site ground level at min. 3 meters above water table good site drainage - gently sloping 2%slope 2% 3 m 100m 2m
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Shelter Options Shared housing/local integration Support for self-built emergency shelter Repair kits for damaged structures Provision of tents or other prototype structures Mass shelter Plastic sheeting UNHCR photo
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training UNHCR photo A WORD ABOUT PLASTIC SHEETING…..
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Consider this situation: An emergency programme is distributing standard 5m X 4m plastic sheets to a population with an average family size of 5. What does this mean in practice? 4 m 5 m 4m x 5m = 20 m 2 20 m 2 5 people = 4.0 m 2 per p. But isn’t that greater than 3.5m 2 - the UNHCR indicator for shelter space? No. But why not?
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training m 2.5 m A = ± 2.9 m 2 /p 4m 5 m A = ± 3.3 m 2 /p 4m 5 m A = ± 3.0 m 2 /p It all depends on context, climate, tradition, and how you use it! The indicator is for shelter space, not sq. m. of plastic sheeting.
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Family 1 Community 1 Block 1 Sector Camp Module = 16 families = 16 units = 4 blocks = 4 sectors 4-6 persons ~ 80 persons ~ 1250 persons ~ 5000 persons ~ persons Putting it all together… Sites and Shelters - Master Planning (one approach) the “Building block” approach
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training TENT Example - One Tent - Size = 12 M 2 Shelter Space per Person = 3.5 M 2 4 M+ 3.5 M + Storage Cooking/Heating Storage
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training The Basic Planning Unit 1 Community (or “Unit”) = 16 families 30 m 2 m
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training The “Block” The “Block” = 16 Communities (Units) fire break: for emergency vehicles only! 75 m + 12 m 175 m +
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training The Sector 15m 175 m+/- 1 Sector = 4 blocks = 64 Units) F
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training The Camp = 4 Sectors sector 1sector 2 sector 3 sector 4 F F F F A
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Implementation and Logical Sequence Put essential services in place Build and occupy site unit after unit, block by block Use logical sequencing: 1.program 2.design 3.production 4.occupancy FAO photo
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Standards and Indicators 3.5 sq m/person floor space 30 sq. m./person site area (45 sq. m./person if land is allocated for agricultural purposes ) People should have enough sheltered space to sleep, and live without undue health and social effects
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training OVERVIEW OF INDICATORS See UNHCR Handbook page 373! LAND sq. m. / person SHELTER sq. m. / person FIRE BREAKS 50m wide per 300m of developed site m. between guy-ropes of tents LATRINES 1/20 people, or better, 1 per family DISTANCE TO LATRINES - 6 to 50 meters away TAP STANDS - 1 tap /200 people DISTANCE TO TAP - 100m from shelter maximum
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training SOME OTHER KEY INDICATORS From Sphere: LAND - 45 sq. m. / person (excl. gardens) SHELTER sq. m. / person LATRINES -1/20 people, or better, 1 per family DISTANCE TO LATRINES - no more than 50 meters away (or 1 minute walk) TAP STANDS - 1 tap /200 people DISTANCE TO TAP - 100m from shelter maximum SLOPE - site gradient not more than 7% without extensive engineering
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Remember! Plan for... adequate living, working, and access space for the whole site fire risks sheltered floor space for individuals and families enough latrines for convenient and sanitary use adequate access to water - distance, number of water access points
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training You can’t do it all alone involve government, refugees, local community, NGOs, UN agencies Investigate the help of specialists: refugees locals Technical specialists NGOs Ministries others? IRC photo
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training Refugee Involvement Assess skills Train refugees Create Sectoral Teams watersanitationroads Make use of refugee skills & leadership
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training STILL MORE INDICATORS From Sphere: ASSESSMENT - carried out by multi-sectoral team PARTICIPATION - both women and men are consulted and involved COMPETENCE - Staff have relevant technical competence LOCAL CAPACITY - local skills base is used and strengthened during the humanitarian response
UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training CONCLUSIONS Good site planning supports refugee protection Contextual factors will affect the decision as to what type of shelter should be used in a displacement emergency - camps are not always the right answer. An understanding of basic standards and indicators for site and shelter response are useful for all field personnel, these can be used for assessment, monitoring, and design of shelter programmes