The Muscular System Muscles contribute to the outward appearance of animals and are essential for movement, posture, breathing, circulation, digestion,

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Presentation transcript:

The Muscular System Muscles contribute to the outward appearance of animals and are essential for movement, posture, breathing, circulation, digestion, and many other functions

Muscular System Types of muscle fibers Smooth Cardiac Skeletal

Types of Muscle

The Muscular System Muscles are classified as being voluntary or involuntary – Voluntary muscles are those that can be contracted or relaxed at will – Involuntary muscles are regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems

Functional Unit of the Muscle Sarcomere – fundamental functional unit of striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac) – ation.com/sites/ /student_view0/cha pter10/animation__sarc omere_contraction.html ation.com/sites/ /student_view0/cha pter10/animation__sarc omere_contraction.html

The Nervous System The nervous system is a complex network that regulates most activities of the body, coordinates movements, and relays sensations

The Nervous System Two major divisions – central nervous system Brain and spinal cord – peripheral nervous system Nerves throughout body for sensory and motor control

The Nervous System Nerve cells are called neurons – Dendrite – Axon – Synapse

The Nervous System The brain controls most activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary – Major divisions Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain stem

Major Divisions of the Nervous System Cerebrum – Divided into the L and R hemispheres – Connected by corpus callosum – Functions in: determining intelligence and personality; thinking; perceiving; language; motor function; planning and organizing; touch sensation

Major Divisions of the Nervous System Cerebellum – Back of brain – Functions in: maintenance of balance and posture; coordination of voluntary movements; motor learning; cognitive functions (language)

Major Divisions of the Nervous System Diencephalon – Include: hypothalmus, thalmus, and epi- and subthalmus – Functions to: direct sense impulses throughout body; autonomic (involuntary/PNS), motor, and endocrine control; homeostasis; and touch sensation

Major Divisions of the Nervous System Brain stem – Stem-like part of the base of the brain connected to spinal cord – Consists of: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata – Functions to: control the flow of messages between the brain and body; control breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness; and identify if one is awake/alert or tired/sleepy

The Nervous System Composition – Gray matter is formed by the aggregation of the cell bodies of neurons – White matter is composed of myelinated nerve cell processes

The Nervous System Function – Gray Matter: muscle control; sensory perceptions, such as seeing and hearing; memory; emotions; and speech – White Matter: relays sensory information from the rest of the body to the cerebral cortex; regulates autonomic functions (body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure); expression of emotions; and regulation of food and water intake

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