INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell INLS 520 Information Organization

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Review Definitions of information –Bateson, Buckland, Dervin, Shannon Defining the document –Format, use, context Information architecture –Content, context, interface, design Where are we on HTML? –Questions, time for review?

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Today Representation overview –Core Concepts –Evaluation Metadata –Definition, Types/uses, Storage Standards –Overview –Types Google Browser

Readings Each article included a definition of metadata – did any of them seem better than others? Why? Based on your experience as an information consumer how relevant does the Dublin Core standard seem to be? INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Representation Object –entity, information object, document, resource Record –representation, resource description, entity description, bibliographic record –Element = Attribute + Value Data storage model –Relational database, text file, xml data

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Representation Content –Intellectual content, statements, concepts Context –Relationships to other objects, documents, concepts Structure –Words, phrases, pages, headings, tags, xml elements

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Objects & the document model Word Document Model W3C Document Object Model –“…A platform- and language-neutral interface that will allow programs and scripts to dynamically access and update the content, structure and style of documents.” –HTML/XHTML, XML, Javascript, XSL, Java, CSS.. –DOM inspector

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Metadata definitions Common Data about Data Data that describes a resource Information about Information Gillian-Swetland, Baca "the sum total of what one can say about any information object at any level of aggregation.“ Content, Context, Structure Greenberg Structured data about an information object that facilitates functions associated with the designated object

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Record elements Element = Attribute + Value –Attribute (property of the object). Author Title Subject Date created –Value (content associated to the attribute) Berners-Lee, Tim Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web World-Wide Web 2000

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Example Title: Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web Author: Tim Berners-Lee Subject: World Wide Web Publisher: Collins Date: 2000 Language: English ISBN-13:

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Book Metadata (circa 1960)

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Book Metadata (circa 1980) 1002_ |a Berners-Lee, Tim |a Weaving the Web : |b the original design and ultimate destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor / |c Tim Berners- Lee with Mark Fischetti. 250__ |a 1st ed. 260__ |a San Francisco : |b Harper SanFrancisco, |c c __ |a xi, 226 p. ; |c 25 cm. 500__ |a Includes index. 650_0 |a World Wide Web |x History |a Berners-Lee, Tim. 7001_ |a Fischetti, Mark |3 Publisher description |u

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Book Metadata (circa 2002)

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Gilliand, 2007

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Information Life-cycle Gilliand, 2007 What functions would metadata have in each of these areas? Codification Storage Use/Reuse Scalability

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Evaluation Metadata evaluation methods Greenberg Review (2002)Greenberg Review –Toezer (1999) Accuracy, completeness, consistency, timeliness, and intelligibility –Rothenberg (1996) Correctness, appropriateness –Zeng (1993) Specificity, exhaustivity, record completeness

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Completeness, specificity, exhaustivity Did the record capture essential elements of the object? Does the encoded record differentiate appropriately between elements? Document/Index surrogation, retrieval Is this a surrogate/abstraction and not a codification of the resource? Is the level of surrogation/abstraction appropriate for storage/retrieval/use goals? Evaluating Representation

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Accuracy, consistency Are the details of abstraction correct? Is the content represented/encoded accurately? Utility, effectiveness, timeliness Is the representation appropriate for a given audience and use? Does the representation solve an information need? Evaluating Representation

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Storage Relational database –Tables, SQL, indexes, abstracted but semi-fixed structure Object databases –Storage of objects which are directly accessible via programs Flat text files –embedded structure, tight association with application, quick, simple XML files –Abstracted structure, portable, extensible, slower? Embedded in digital objects –Portable, associative

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Standards Types (1) Data structure standards –Standards that govern the scope and purpose of a metadata record (MARC, Dublin Core, Text Encoding Initiative (TEI))MARC Dublin Core Data communication standards –Encoding (e.g., HTML/XHML, XML)HTMLXML Data syntax standards –Element ordering, content syntax, and encoding syntax (e.g. date/time syntax)date/time

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Standards Types (2) Data value / content standards –Thesauri, authority files, etc. (e.g. LCSH, AAT)LCSH AAT Data retrieval standards –Z39.50, SRU/SRW, SOAP (Service Oriented Architecture)Z39.50SRU/SRWSOAP

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Information Standards The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) – National Information Standards Organization (NISO) – International Organization for Standardization (ISO) –

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Standards Examples The High stakes standards debatesHigh stakes Bibliographic description Content & Encoding –LC, OCLC, MARCLCOCLC Values –LCSH AuthoritiesLCSH Authorities Structure –ISBDISBD Dublin Core –Data modelData model –Encoding models (HTML, XML)HTMLXML –Content/value modelsmodels

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Dublin Core Overview Created out of a 1995 meeting in Dublin OhioDublin Ohio An intentionally simple standard focused on resource description DCMI conference (2007)2007 Enjoys widespread adoption in Library and Digital library community, particuarly as a lowest-common-denominator standard

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Initial Dublin Core Focused on Digital Document-like- objects Simple description, human based Focus on descriptive metadata over technical, preservation, use metadata Assumptions –Extensibility, Syntax independence, Optionality, Repeatability, Modifiability (Weibel)

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Dublin Core Descriptive metadata for resource discovery All elements are optional and repeatable –Constraints established at implementation level (not by the semantic specification) Extensible: A starting place for richer descriptions Interdisciplinary (semantic interoperability) International consensus

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Dublin Core ( ) 1.Subject: The topic addressed by the work 2.Title: The name of the object 3.Author: The person(s) primarily responsible for the intellectual content of the object 4.Publisher: The agent or agency responsible for making the object available 5.OtherAgent: The person(s), such as editors and transcribers, who have made other significant intellectual contributions to the work 6.Date: The date of publication 7.ObjectType: The genre of the object, such as novel, poem, or dictionary 8.Form: The physical manifestation of the object, such as Postscript file or Windows executable file 9.Identifier: String or number used to uniquely identify the object 10.Relation: Relationship to other objects 11.Source: Objects, either print or electronic, from which this object is derived, if applicable 12.Language: Language of the intellectual content 13.Coverage: The spatial locations and temporal durations characteristic of the object Weibel, 1995

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Dublin Core ( ) Title Author or Creator Subject and Keywords Description Publisher Other Contributor Date Resource Type Format Resource Identifier Source Language Relation Coverage Rights Management

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell Qualified Dublin Core (Current) 95 Elements (Registry)Registry Expansion of scope/purpose Multiple encoding models (HTML/XHTML, XML, RDF) Addition of Application Profile conceptApplication Profile

Group Exercise Break into groups of 4-5 Using the DC standard create a representation of the resource Questions for class discussion –What elements did you choose & why? –How did you approach the context of your document –How would your representation be used? INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell

INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell A possible record Title: New Web language promises smarter surfing Subject: World Wide Web Subject: Extensible Markup Language Subject: World Wide Web Consortium Subject: Standards, Web Creator: Heid, Jim Creator: Glenn McDonald Created: 01/07/1998 Identifier: Publisher: Cable News Network Language: en Description: This article discusses the recent adoption of XML by the W3C as a standard and its possible uses in a web environment Format: text/html Rights: All Rights Reserved

Next Week XML overview, in-class exercise Assignment 1 introduced INLS 520 – Fall 2007 Erik Mitchell