G A L L I U M Group13 Siti Rohmatikah (10503046) Rasminda Senovita (10503047) Nurrahmi H (10503048) Dani Setiawan (10503049)

Overview of Gallium Origin of name: History: Sources: L. Gallia, France Latin, gallus, a translation of Lecoq, a cock History: Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum (Ea) discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 in the same year Lecoq obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in KOH Sources: found throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal

Atomic Structure of Gallium Number of Energy Levels: 4 First Energy Level : 2 Second Energy Level : 8 Third Energy Level : 18 Fourth Energy Level : 3

Crystal Structure of Gallium Orthorombic

Physical Properties Atomic Mass Average: 69.723 Melting Point : 29.9°C Boiling Point : 2403°C Conductivity : Electrical : 0.0678 106/cm Thermal : 0.406 W/cmK Density : 5.907g/mL @ 300K Description: Soft silver-white metal Properties similar to aluminum Enthalpy of Atomization : 276.1 kJ/mole Enthalpy of Fusion : 5.59 kJ/mole Enthalpy of Vaporization : 256.1 kJ/mole

Chemical Properties Electron Work Function : 4.2eV Electronegativity : 1.81 (Pauling) Heat of Fusion : 5.59 kJ/mol Ionization Potential: First : 5.999 Second : 20.51 Third : 30.71 Valence Electron Potential : -69.7 eV

Chemical Reactions with air: 2 Ga(g) + N2(g) → 2 GaN(s) with water: Ga3+(aq) + H2O(l) → Ga(OH)2+(aq) + H+(aq) with acids: Ga(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → GaCl3(aq) + 3 H+(aq) with bases: GaCl3(aq) + 4 LiH(s) → LiGaH4(aq) + 3 LiCl(aq) with halogens: 3 Ga(s) + AlF3(aq) → 3 GaF(aq) + Al3+(aq)

Isotopes & Abundances only present due to small traces in the natural environment, in water, and in residue on vegetables and fruits Isotopes’ Half Life Ga-66 : 9.5 hours Ga-67 : 3.3 days Ga-68 : 1.1 hours Ga-69 : Stable (60.1%) Ga-71 : Stable (39.9%) Ga-72 : 14.1 hours

Use of Gallium Semiconductors: solid-state devices such as ICs, transistors (GaAs) component in low-melting alloys substitutes for mercury dental amalgams high-temperature thermometer laser diodes (GaN) LEDs solar cells LCDs and FPDs used to locate tumors used to detect solar neutrinos

Health Effects pure gallium is not a harmful substance for humans to touch gallium radioactive compound, gallium [67Ga] citrate, can be injected into the body and used for gallium scanning without harmful effects should not be purposefully consumed in large doses some gallium compounds can actually be very dangerous. For example: GaCl3

Environmental Effects gallium is used to hold some nuclear bomb pits together when the pits are cut and plutonium oxide powder is formed, the gallium remains in the plutonium the plutonium then becomes unusable in fuel because the gallium is corrosive to several other elements. If the gallium is removed, however, the plutonium becomes useful again the problem is that the process to remove the gallium contributes to a huge amount of pollution of water with radioactive substances