Chapter 13: Genetic Engineering

13-1 Changing the Living World Selective Breeding Allowing only those individuals with desired traits to reproduce Domesticated animals have been produced using this method

13-1 Selective Breeding Allows an increased opportunity for desired traits to be passed on Different breeds of plant and animal are a result

13-1 Hybridization Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of each Tend to be hardier against disease (more resistant)

13-1 Inbreeding Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics Maintains desired characteristics Risks: due to close similarity, may bring together neg. effects

13-1 Line breeding Breeding closely related individuals (not as closely related as in inbreeding) Still keeps desired traits from each parent

13-1 Outcrossing Same as hybridization

13-1 Increasing variation Done by mutations (which may be natural or induced) These will be inherited Polyploid Many sets of chromosomes Fatal in animals

13-2 Manipulating DNA Genetic Engineering Making changes in DNA in living organisms

13-3 Cell Transformation Transformation Cell takes in DNA from outside the cell The external DNA becomes part of cell’s DNA

13-4 Application of Gen. Engineering Transgenic Organisms Contain genes from other organisms Gene from other organism is inserted into cells of other organisms Revolutionized agriculture

13-4 Application of Gen. Engineering Transgenic Organisms Animals: mice – w/ human genes making their immune system act as ours so effects of medicine can be studied

13-4 Application of Gen. Engineering Livestock – w/ x-tra growth hormone so they grow faster and have more meat, less fat Plants: (GM) – genetically modified Transgenic Organisms

13-4 Application of Gen. Engineering Transgenic Organisms Plants: some produce natural insecticides Plants: some are naturally resistant to weed-killing chemicals (round-up ready)

13-4 Application of Gen. Engineering Cloning Creation of a member of a population genetically identical to another 1997 – Ian Wilmut – cloned sheep “Dolly” Since this cows, pigs, and mice have been