Chapter 28 Table of Contents Section 1 Overview of Plants Plant Evolution and Classification Chapter 28 Table of Contents Section 1 Overview of Plants Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Section 3 Vascular Plants

Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Objectives Name three adaptations plants have made to life on land. Summarize the classification of plants. Describe alternation of generations.

Chapter 28 Adapting to Land Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Adapting to Land Three adaptations have allowed plants to be successful on land: a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss haploid spores and diploid seeds to protect reproductive cells special vascular tissues called xylem and phloem for absorbing and transporting materials within the plant.

Requirements for Plants to Survive on Land Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Requirements for Plants to Survive on Land Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 28 Classifying Plants Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Classifying Plants The 12 phyla of plants are divided into two groups based on the presence of vascular tissue. The three phyla of nonvascular plants have neither true vascular tissue nor roots, stems, or leaves. Most members of the nine phyla of vascular plants have vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves.

Classifying Plants, continued Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Classifying Plants, continued Vascular plants can be further divided into two groups, seedless plants and seed plants. Seed plants include four phyla of gymnosperms and one phylum of angiosperms.

Evolutionary Relationship Between Plants and Green Algae Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Evolutionary Relationship Between Plants and Green Algae

Alternating Life Cycles Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Alternating Life Cycles All plants have a life cycle known as alternation of generations. In alternation of generations, a haploid gametophyte produces gametes. Gametes unite and give rise to a diploid sporophyte. Through meiosis, the sporophyte produces haploid spores, which develop into gametophytes.

Alternation of Generations Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Alternation of Generations

Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Life Cycles of Plants

Alternation of Generations Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Alternation of Generations Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 28 Objectives Identify the characteristics of bryophytes. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Objectives Identify the characteristics of bryophytes. Describe plant in the phylum Bryophyta. Describe plants in the phylum Hepatophyta. Describe plants in the phylum Anthocerophyta.

Characteristics of Bryophytes Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Bryophytes The three phyla of nonvascular plants are collectively called bryophytes. These plants do not have true roots, stems, or leaves. They are very small and are usually found in moist areas.

Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 28 Phylum Bryophyta Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Phylum Bryophyta Bryophytes in the phylum Bryophyta are mosses. Mosses are attached to the soil by structures called rhizoids. Peat moss is a moss that has many uses.

Chapter 28 Phylum Hepatophyta Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Phylum Hepatophyta Bryophytes in the phylum Hepatophyta are liverworts. Liverworts lie close to the ground, which allows them to absorb water readily.

Phylum Anthocerophyta Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Phylum Anthocerophyta Bryophytes in the phylum Anthocerophyta are hornworts. Hornworts do not have a stem or leaves. Hornworts have long, thin, hornlike sporophytes that grow out of the top of the plant.

Types of Nonvascular Plants Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Types of Nonvascular Plants Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 28 Parts of a Moss Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 28 Objectives Section 3 Vascular Plants Describe the adaptive advantages that plants have over nonvascular plants. Summarize the characteristics of the four phyla of seedless vascular plants. State the major differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms. Determine why angiosperms have been so successful. Compare monocots and dicots.

Seedless Vascular Plants Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular plants have several adaptive advantages over nonvascular plants, including specialized conducting tissues, the ability to grow large and live in many environments, and strong stems that allow them to grow tall and receive more sunlight. Seedless vascular plants include the four phyla Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pteridophyta.

Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without Seeds Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without Seeds Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Seedless Vascular Plants, continued Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued Phylum Psilophyta The phylum Psilophyta is represented by whisk ferns. Some are epiphytes that grow on other plants.

Seedless Vascular Plants, continued Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued Phylum Lycophyta The phylum Lycophyta contains the club mosses. Because they look like miniature pine trees, club mosses are also called ground pines.

Seedless Vascular Plants, continued Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued Phylum Sphenophyta The phylum Sphenophyta includes horsetails of the genus Equisetum. Horsetails have jointed photosynthetic stems that contain silica, with scalelike leaves at each joint.

Seedless Vascular Plants, continued Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued Phylum Pteridophyta Ferns belong to the phylum Pteridophyta and represent a diverse group. Most ferns have an underground stem called a rhizome.

Chapter 28 Parts of a Fern Section 3 Vascular Plants Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Types of Seedless Vascular Plants Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Types of Seedless Vascular Plants Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants There are two main groups of seed-bearing vascular plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms are characterized by naked seeds and no flowers. Angiosperms have flowers and seeds enclosed by a fruit.

Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Characteristics of Gymnosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Gymnosperms Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Vascular Seed Plants, continued Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued Phylum Cycadophyta Cycads are gymnosperms of the phylum Cycadophyta. Although cycads flourished during the age of the dinosaurs, only about 100 species survive today.

Vascular Seed Plants, continued Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued Phylum Ginkgophyta Like cycads, ginkgoes flourished during the time of the dinosaurs. The only species existing today is Ginkgo biloba, which is native to China.

Vascular Seed Plants, continued Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued Phylum Coniferophyta The conifers, which are gymnosperms of the phylum Coniferophyta, include pine, cedar, redwood, fir, spruce, juniper, cypress, and bald cypress trees. They are important sources of wood, paper, turpentine, ornamental plants, and Christmas trees.

Vascular Seed Plants, continued Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued Phylum Gnetophyta Gnetophytes, an odd group of cone-bearing gymnosperms, have vascular systems that more closely resemble those of angiosperms.

Chapter 28 Needles and Cones Section 3 Vascular Plants Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 28 Types of Gymnosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Vascular Seed Plants, continued Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued Phylum Anthophyta Anthophyta, the largest phylum of plants, includes over 240,000 species of flowering plants. Angiosperms, or the flowering plants, are seed plants characterized by the presence of a flower and fruit.

The Evolution of Angiosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 The Evolution of Angiosperms Angiosperms have been successful for many reasons, including the production of fruit that protects seeds, quick germination, and an efficient vascular system.

Characteristics of Angiosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Angiosperms Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 28 Types of Angiosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Familiar Families of Angiosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Familiar Families of Angiosperms

Chapter 28 Monocots and Dicots Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Monocots and Dicots Dicots are distinguished from monocots on the basis of several characteristics: cotyledon number, leaf venation, arrangement of stem vascular tissue, and number of flower parts.

Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots

Comparing Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Comparing Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept