Miyasaki October 2000

APEC TPT-WG 182 PROJECT AIMS To identify best practice and develop mechanisms for mutual recognition of transport professional qualifications between APEC economies. Stage 1: Identification of priority professions Stage 2: Preparation and distribution of survey instrument - entry requirements (qualifications) - accreditation, licensing and registration systems - co-operative practices - barriers / impediments Stage 3: Analysis of results - establish scope for practical model Stage 4: Establishment of framework of recommended practices

APEC TPT-WG 183 SELECTED PROFESSIONS Air traffic controller Flight crew Aircraft maintenance engineer Professional railway engineer Intermodal/logistics systems manager Commercial vehicle operator (truck driver)

APEC TPT-WG 184 METHODOLOGY 1 Initial consultations in Australia Six surveys designed Surveys endorsed by APEC TPT-WG 17 Surveys distributed via Heads of Delegation

APEC TPT-WG 185 METHODOLOGY 2 - Analysis Discussion and analysis of data utilised a range of inputs: the survey responses from each economy and each profession - provide a ‘snapshot’ only international perspectives, models and frameworks other relevant known factors about each profession outcomes of previous related surveys conducted by APEC and input and feedback from the APEC TPT-WG, the Steering Committee for this project and industry representatives in Australia.

APEC TPT-WG 186 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 1 European Union - two general directives, 1989 and 1992 … a corresponding profession in another member state is [one which] includes a substantial number of the professional activities comprised in the profession in the host member state. Thus [there needs to be] a substantial degree of commonality between the professional activities of any “profession” if the terms of the Directive are to achieve mutual recognition. Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Agreement

APEC TPT-WG 187 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 2 In-country/economy recognition mechanisms National Academic Recognition Information Centres (European Union) Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials Australian Office of Overseas Skills Recognition Permanent Committee on Evaluation and Recognition of Qualifications – Malaysia International professional associations’ projects APEC Engineer project Mutual Recognition of Surveyors’ Qualifications

APEC TPT-WG 188 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 3 Models of Mutual Recognition Reciprocity Agreements Harmonisation of Qualifications Mutual Recognition of Qualifications (principle of ‘mutual trust’)

APEC TPT-WG 189 SURVEY RESULTS - Table of Respondents

APEC TPT-WG 1810 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS (ATC) SURVEY - 12 Responses Commonality in general requirements to gain an ATC licence. Variations in currency and recency requirements of licence. One-quarter based training on ICAO. Very little recognition of foreign licences, qualifications & experience. No MR agreements apart from TTMRA. Main restriction to employment of ATCs – nationality or citizenship

APEC TPT-WG 1811 FLIGHT CREW (FC) SURVEY - 10 Responses Commonality in general requirements to gain a FC licence (depended on licence type). Variations in currency and recency requirements of licences. 6 out of 10 registered differences in standard under ICAO. Training varied considerably, depended on type of licence. Almost all economies recognised foreign FC licences, qualifications & experiences. No MR agreements apart from TTMRA.

APEC TPT-WG 1812 LICENSED AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEERS (AME) Survey - 12 Responses Commonality in general requirements to gain an AME licence (depended on licence type & category). Variations in currency and recency requirements of licences. Most economies (3/4) recognise foreign licences, qualifications and experience. Aust., Canada & NZ had recognition arrangements/agreements. Fewer restrictions on employment of foreign AMEs than ATCs, but varied conditions.

APEC TPT-WG 1813 AVIATION Summary Very little evidence of mutual recognition agreements (apart from TTMRA) or interest in pursuing them. ICAO’s standards and specifications – minimum only? Uniqueness of ATC requirements stressed. Implications for future – ICAO’s auditing role. Motivation for mutual recognition needed – for example, world wide shortage of AMEs.

APEC TPT-WG 1814 PROFESSIONAL RAILWAY ENGINEERS (PRE) SURVEY – 7 Responses Fewer, less detailed responses. No separate registration needed; or not always needed. Minimum qualification most commonly an undergraduate engineering degree. APEC Substantial Equivalence Framework for engineers not known by most respondents.

APEC TPT-WG 1815 APEC REISTER OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS Aim: To reduce the licensing and registration barriers to work in another economy. Open to engineers in participating economies who have: completed an accredited or recognised engineering program been assessed within their own jurisdiction as eligible for independent practice gained a minimum of seven years practical experience since graduation spent at least two years in responsible charge of significant engineering work and maintained their continuing professional development at a satisfactory level. The following APEC economies were authorised (July) to implement the registers: Australia; Canada; Hong Kong, China; Japan; Korea; Malaysia and New Zealand.

APEC TPT-WG 1816 COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATORS (CVO) SURVEY– 10 Responses Almost all have national body for specifying licence requirements. 50% have economy-wide testing; 50% testing done by range of organisations. Clearly identifiable performance requirements. Classifications varied but comparisons could be made. Very little compulsory training needed. Details of testing varied (eg night driving). Almost all have national computer data base for licence holders. All had range of procedures for recognition of foreign licences. A number of Recognition Agreements stated: TTMRA (Aust. & NZ); Canada, USA & Mexico; Land International Transportation Agreement (Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador & Venezuela).

APEC TPT-WG 1817 INTERMODAL/LOGISTICS SYSTEMS MANAGERS SURVEY – 8 Responses Range of job titles and work roles used and described. Almost no entry level qualifications required into above positions. Great variety of training in existence. Future skill needs identified in all areas of profession (eg warehouse, transport & logistics management; systems analysis & IT skills, import-export admin.) No recognition arrangements mentioned. Possibilities of joining with other APEC project of ‘Intermodal Task Force’ to develop further work in this area.

APEC TPT-WG 1818 BARRIERS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO MUTUAL RECOGNITION

APEC TPT-WG 1819 BENEFITS OF MUTUAL RECOGNITION Not as easily identifiable – none identified in FC and PRE surveys. Most frequently stated – possibility for a reduction of basic training, testing and licensing requirements and related cost-savings. Improve road safety and driving ability (CVOs). Improve performance (ATCs). Establish and standardise rules for issuing a licence (CVOs).

APEC TPT-WG 1820 Best Practice in Cooperative Arrangements, Accreditation, Recognition and Development of Professional Qualifications Land International Transportation Agreement (ATIT) Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Agreement (TTMRA) Professional Engineers Board, Singapore Institution of Engineers, Australia

APEC TPT-WG 1821 Establishing the Scope for a Practical Model for Best Practice in Mutual Recognition Many factors affect the possibility, need and motivation for recognition: Immigration and work permit laws. Supply and demand in domestic labour markets. Common land borders and trade routes. Concerns about safety and other standards being lowered.

APEC TPT-WG 1822 PERSUADING FACTORS Aviation: need consensus on international standards (ICAO’s role); verifiably similar training; shortages of AMEs. Professional Railway Engineers: verifying other economies’ qualifications; opportunities for exchange programs. Intermodal/logistics managers: meeting supply & demand, lack of local employees). Lessons from existing recognition models etc: establishment of transparent systems and procedures of accreditation (of programs and institutions), licensing and registration within each economy

APEC TPT-WG 1823 GUIDING PRINICIPLES FOR GOOD PRACTICE IN (MUTUAL) RECOGNITION comparable entry-level qualifications job description/s a regulatory environment (possibly international) registration requirements Necessary Conditions :

APEC TPT-WG 1824 GUIDELINES FOR RECOGNITION PROCEDURES FOR QUALIFICATIONS AND LICENCES The recognition of a foreign qualification or licence should: situate the qualification or licence within the framework of the education, training or licensing system to which it belongs identify the level and type of qualification or licence in the system of the economy in which recognition is sought and determine whether similarities between foreign and domestic qualifications or licences are sufficient for recognition to be granted.

APEC TPT-WG 1825 STAGE 4 OF MUTUAL RECOGNITION PROJECT … involves the establishment of a framework for best practices focusing on particular characteristics of transport jobs in demand or of a high degree of mobility a mechanism to facilitate recognition relating to transparency, consistency and quality assurances in accreditation and recognition system.