Industrialization, II: Changes in Society Urbanization –Rapid growth of cities –Environmental consequences: The Great Stink of London (1858) and miasmas –Housing problems –Diseases: typhus, typhoid fever, cholera, influenza –Diet

River Irwell, Manchester. The scum on the surface is the result of sewage.

Housing in Manchester

An attic occupied by a family of ten Illustrated Times, 1863

The New Industrial City

Worker Housing in Manchester

Housing for factory workers in New York – early 1900s

Housing for German Factory Workers

Conditions of labor –Hours –Inside the factory –Women and children

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of WorkerMale WagesFemale Wages under 112s 3d.2s. 4d s. 1d.4s. 3d s. 2d.7s. 3d s. 2d.8s. 5d s. 4d.8s. 7d s. 8d.8s. 9d s. 7d.9s. 8d s. 3d.9s. 3d s. 7d.8s. 10d s. 4d.8s. 4d s. 6d.6s. 4d.

American Textile Mill

British Children in the Mining Industry

Changes in the social structure –Decline of the aristocracy –Rise of a proletariat –Rise of the middle class & Victorian womanhood

Queen Victoria and family

Impact of Industrialization: Optimists vs Pessimists –Production – doubled – rose 3 ½ times –Population 1780 – 9 million 1851 – 21 million –Was it worth it? Irish example: agricultural and impoverished Blake, Wordsworth, Dickens, Zola protested treatment of workers Marxists wrote about the misery Revisionists argued that standards of living rose; idea of poverty being bad

Leisure –The nearly universal day off: Sunday –The rise of spectator sports: football & cricket –The pub W.G. Grace – Britain’s First Sport Celebrity

Responses to the Problems of Industrial Society –Luddites –Unions –Governmental reforms –Middle class vs. working class The Luddites,

Some Useful Websites – eforming_acts_01.shtmlhttp:// eforming_acts_01.shtml – EHAP_Topics/EHAP-Topic- IndutrialRevolution.htmhttp:// EHAP_Topics/EHAP-Topic- IndutrialRevolution.htm – – d_rev/images/indust.html.htmhttp:// d_rev/images/indust.html.htm – k14.htmlhttp:// k14.html