Citation

What is Citation? The correct way to acknowledge the sources of material you have used. A crucial part of academic writing.

Why bother with citation? To add authority to your writing To avoid plagiarism To help other researchers to trace your sources. To keep your work shorter.

The Harvard Citation System A commonly used system There are other systems in use Be consistent

Definitions Citation: a label in your main text which indicates a specific reference in the reference list. Reference: the detailed description of the source from which you have obtained your information. Bibliography: sources of background reading, carried out to produce work, but which have not been directly cited in the text.

Reference Lists At the end of your main essay/report Gives details of every item cited in the main body

Common Knowledge A statement that doesn't need to be referenced, as it is known by the majority. Example; Alan Turing was founder of computer science Referencing required: a quite brilliant mathematician... whose unique contribution helped to turn the tide of war... horrifying that he was treated so inhumanely...

An example … in your work Opinions differ as to how best to succeed in exams. Most experts recommend careful reading of key articles and making summary notes (Potter, 2009). A different point of view is given by Harris (2008) who recommends laying down solid study foundations. Note differing forms of citation. Potter, 2009 – where the authors name is not naturally part of the sentence. Harris (2008) authors name forms part of the sentence.

In your work... Book The Internet has provided us with powerful ways to interact....(Quinn,2009) In your reference; Quinn M (2009). Ethics: for the information age(3 rd edition). Pearson Author, year, title,(edition),city/town where published: publisher

Two authors: In your work: According to Jones and Young(2007), the scheduling problem.... Reference: Jones. T and Young F (2007). Scheduling. Oxford:Heinemann

A chapter in a book.... In your work: Carroll (2002 p14) states ' A growing number of so called 'paper-mills' offer essays for sale...' The case study used by Fray(2009, p160) states..... Reference: Carroll J(2002) Acceptable Practice. In Brown C and Taylor B(eds)Deterring Plagiarism in HE. Manchester university press: p The results showed conclusively.... (Mawson, 2000 p47).

Three or more authors In your work: many people agree with this view (Sidney et al p105) Reference: Sidney P, Joseph GK, Wray V (2009) Digital economies. London: Palgrave (six – reasonable cut off)

Journal Paper Jenkins T and Gillespie, C. (2004). Python makes programming easier for novices. Journal of Computer Science Education 9 (6), pages The author in order they are given in the article the year the article was published, the full title of the article, the title of the journal in italics, the volume and the issue (where given), the pages of the article Bear, P. (1956). The best kinds of honey. J. Nutrition Stud. 25 pp

Newspaper Bear, P. (1998) More honey on trees, says report. 100 Acre Times, 16 th January, p.5 Online newspaper article: Available at [Accessed 25 th September 2010]

Web sites A lot of information there, but: URLs change rapidly Much information is unreliable Hard to know author’s name? Try to use an equivalent printed source if possible.

Reference for a web page. World Health Organization (2009). Tobacco Free Initiative, [accessed 26/08/2010]. Cite as: (World Health Organization, 2009) or (W.H.O., 2009)

Summary Citation is a basic discipline of academic study. Learn to do it properly, now. Always cite sources, even if not explicitly required to.