PA Early Industrial Growth and Development Chapter 5 Lesson 15 – Geographic Obstacles Lesson 16 – Canal Era Lesson 17 – Steam Engines for Transportation Lesson 18 – Iron-Smelting and Oil Industries

Vocabulary Industry – the production and sale of a good or service for profit Manufacture – process of making wares by hand or machinery Freight – cargo Tollgate – a point where vehicles stop to pay a toll Turnpike – an expressway on which tolls are paid Ferry – a boat used to carry things over water Prairie Schooner – covered wagon used by pioneers

Geographic Obstacles Success of industry is dependent upon geographic, economic, and technological factors Before the 1800’s, no good transportation system is in place – Dirt roads (rain, snow, mud, & ice) – Boats could only go downstream – West and east separated by mountains – Horses could only carry limited goods/supplies

Enter the Conestoga Wagon Conestoga wagon timeline

Built in Lancaster The only wagon strong enough to carry supplies and trade goods Better roads were developed to accommodate these heave vehicles 6 or 8 horses Could haul up to 7 tons (14,000 lbs) Ferryboat crossings started to float wagons across rivers on large rafts Confused with prairie schooner

Around 1800’s, stone surfaced road was built between Philadelphia and Lancaster Toll gate built to help pay for cost of road By 1832, Pennsylvania had 3,000 miles of turnpike – 2 months to build road – miles traveled per day – Cost to walk on toll road - $.02 for 11 miles – Cost of horse and rider - $.16 for 10 miles – Free for children (school), church goers, clergymen, and military

Vocabulary Canal System – transportation system people thought would be more effective than the Conestoga Wagon Canal – a waterway dug through the earth to connect lakes and rivers Portage – to carry or transport something over land for a distance Aqueducts – special water bridges built to carry the canal across river Locks – enclosure used in raising or lowering boats from level to level Bankrupt – having little or no money

Canal Era

Canals were faster and more profitable Canal Fever cost state $100,000,000 Nearly bankrupted the state building them Railroads were used in places canals could not be built ALLEGHENY PORTAGE – railroad over the Allegheny mountains – 2 sets of tracks – as one went up, the other went down – 37 miles long, taking 28 hours to go from Johnstown to Pittsburgh

Problems with Building Canals Tunnels had to be dug through hills Aqueducts built to carry the canal across rivers Dams built to supply canal with steady water Locks built to raise or lower

Steam Engines for Transportation John Fitch's First Steam Boat

Vocabulary Steamboats – boat driven by steam power Locomotives – self-propelled engine used to draw trains along railway tracks Steam Engine – engine having piston driven by steam Hearth Stove – invention used to burn coal Anthracite – hard coal Railroad – permanent road with rails fixed to ties providing a track for special cars to ride on

Steam Engine at Cornwall Iron Furnace John Fitch, of Philadelphia, first experimented with steamboat designs in the 1780s-1790s 1807 – Roger Fulton, native of Lancaster, first successful steamboat with a paddlewheel

Steam Locomotives Become King of Travel and Trade Faster and cheaper means of moving freight and passengers 1809 – railroads operated without a steam engine 1829 – steam engine was imported from England to Honesdale, PA – Problem was that engine was too heavy for the wooden rails – Steel rails later introduced

1830s – steam locomotives were introduced Matthias Baldwin built first train in Philadelphia (16 mph) – Problems – wood fuel sent showers of sparks – Hearth stove introduced to burn coal – Anthracite (hard coal) was source for heat for homes and steam for locomotives Railroads built in every county By 1860, 2,600 miles of track Steam engine timeline p?show=38 p?show=38

1850s, canals and Conestogas could no longer compete with railroads Travel time from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh – Wagon – 6-8 weeks – Canal – 4 days – Railroad – 28 hours

Iron-Smelting and Oil Industries Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa., established 1831.

Iron-Smelting and Oil Industries Emerge

Vocabulary Iron smelting – heating process to remove unwanted parts from iron ore and fuse/melt together the leftover pure iron Coke – product of soft coal Iron ore – natural resource which iron is made Refined – to purity from a crude state Kerosene – a thin oil produced from petroleum for a fuel and a solvent Petroleum – an oily flammable liquid obtained from wells drilled in the ground and refined into gasoline and fuel oils Derricks – oil towers

Railroads created a huge demand for iron Iron produced from iron ore, smelted into pure iron Coke, byproduct of soft coal, was ideal fuel for iron-smelting industry Pittsburgh and Johnstown became centers for the industry Pittsburgh because of three-river system used to move iron ore and coal

Oil is Discovered Samuel Kier – 1840s, began to bottle “rock oil” and sold it as a medicine 1850 – Samuel Kier built nations first oil refinery in Pittsburgh – kerosene 1859 – Edwin Drake and Oil Creek – first well – 69 ft hole drilled with a steam engine – Saturday, August 27, 1859 – quit drilling – Oil discovered floating on surface on Sunday

400 barrels a day Titusville population went from 300 to several thousands 1870 – 5,000 oil towers sprang up in the area Scientists discovered refined oil could be used as a cheap burning fluid for lamps – Oil eventually replaced coal as a cheap source of heat 1863, Drake left Titusville, lost his money and died poor