Key Idea #13 Following fertilization, cells divide and become specialized for specific functions. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://image.wistatutor.com/content/feed/u2077/Multicellular%2520Organisms.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/types-of-multicellular-organisms&usg=__yq7LX05ipxlDrsajgMhnNsQiEYo=&h=600&w=714&sz=52&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=DKWjdNXCXbMmoM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=151&ei=hpROTfCCO8PogAffyeHzDw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddifference%2Bbetween%2Bsingle%2Band%2Bmulticelled%2Borganisms%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D567%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=578&oei=hpROTfCCO8PogAffyeHzDw&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=91&ty=79

What do you want to be when you grow up? There are many important jobs that grown ups do to keep our world running smoothly. Whether doctors, teachers, builders, engineers, farmers, etc, everyone learns a specific skill which they can then use to help everyone else. Just like people, cells specialize in important jobs.

During early embryonic development, the cells of the body became specialized for different activities in a process called cell differentiation.

How Living Things are Structured

Following fertilization, cell division produces a small cluster of cells that then differentiate by appearance and function to form the basic tissues, organs, and organ systems of multi-cellular organisms. Googleimages.com

Specialized Cells are very different from each other in size and structure are only found in multi-celled organisms and carry out different functions from each other Cells that become liver cells express a specific set of “liver genes” make up different kinds of body tissues, organs, and organ systems that function together

Specialized Animal Cells

Specialized Animal Cells

Specialized Plant Cells

Specialized Plant Cells Plant Book p. 145

Epidermis and cuticle: prevents dehydration. Green chlorophyll containing cells: perform photosynthesis Guard Cells: help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata.

Xylem Xylem tissues are tubes that carry materials from the roots to the leaves. FYI Roots soak up water and minerals from the soil. Cells need minerals in their activities.

Phloem Phloem tissues are tubes that carry sugar (glucose) away from the leaves to be used by other parts of the plant. FYI In trees, phloem located just below the bark. As the phloem cells form, they push out old phloem which makes up the bark.

Tissues are made up of groups of similar specialized cells. http://theodoreschwann5.blogspot.com/2008_01_01_archive.html

A variety of specialized cells formed through cell division make up different tissues, performing different functions. http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Cell_differentiation.gif

Types of Animal Tissues epithelial tissue outer skin cells connective tissue cartilage cells fat cells blood cells bone cells inner skin cells muscular tissue muscle cells nervous tissue nerve cells

Types of Plant Tissues Vascular tissue Epidermal tissue Ground tissue transports materials through the plant Made up of xylem and phloem cells Epidermal tissue protective covering outer surface of leaf cells Ground tissue storage and support Photosynthetic layers of cells http://www.progressivegardens.com/knowledge_tree/tissue.jpg

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/leaftissue/leaftissue.html

Organs are a group of different tissues working together performing a specific job. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/review1_fall05_chap_tissue5_files/image001.gif&imgrefurl=http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/review1_fall05_chap_tissue5.htm&usg=__GllJNQu5BxmBxbRqGCyP9zmbbLo=&h=395&w=535&sz=64&hl=en&start=15&zoom=1&tbnid=KxqvyTtVDCeyoM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=172&ei=B2BPTcmkG4X6lweK99AM&prev=/images%3Fq%3Danimal%2Borgans%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D567%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C496&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=232&vpy=197&dur=204&hovh=193&hovw=261&tx=153&ty=123&oei=-F9PTfPqLpH1gAeM5NnZDw&esq=2&page=2&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:15&biw=1003&bih=567

Plant organs include roots stems leaves flowers

Animal organs include stomach liver kidney heart lungs skin skeleton muscles, etc… http://www.grizzlybird.net/greenparenting/tips.gif

FYI: The heart is an organ that includes muscle, epithelial, connective (blood) tissue. Leaves, stems, and roots are organs made up of dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.

Cells – Tissues – Organs – Organ Systems http://plantphys.info/plant_physiology/images/anatomy.gif

Organ System An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task.

Humans have multiple organ systems including:

Plants have two organ systems:

Above ground (usually) Elevates the plant above the soil The Shoot System Above ground (usually) Elevates the plant above the soil Many functions including: photosynthesis reproduction & dispersal food and water conduction http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2005/plantbod.gif

Underground (usually) Anchor the plant in the soil The Root System Underground (usually) Anchor the plant in the soil Absorb water and nutrients Conduct water and nutrients Food Storage http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2005/plantbod.gif

From atoms and molecules to organisms: http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image48.gif

Think about it: Why do multicelled organisms like plants and animals make specialized cells, considering that every cell contains the same genetic information?