Intelligence and its Measurement

What Is Intelligence? Intelligence Defined: Views of the Lay Public Sternberg et al (1981, 1982, 1986) Cognitive rather than psychometric Computational, experiential, and practical

What is Intelligence? (cont’d.) Intelligence Defined: Views of Scholars and Test Professionals –Sir Francis Galton: Intelligence is dependent on sensory input –Alfred Binet: Practical Approach: IQ=Educable? –David Wechsler: Intelligence = Aggregate of abilities –Jean Piaget: Intelligence = function of maturation –Factor-Analytic Theories of Intelligence –The Information-Processing View

What is Intelligence? (cont’d.) –Factor-Analytic Theories of Intelligence

What is Intelligence? (cont’d.) –The Information-Processing View

Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Model (1943- )

Logical-Mathematical

Spatial

Linguistic

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Musical

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Naturalistic

Existential

Measuring Intelligence Types of Tasks Used in Intelligence Tests –Infants –Children –Adults Theory in Intelligence Test Development and Interpretation

Intelligence: Some Issues Nature Versus Nurture –Inheritance and interactionism The Stability of Intelligence The Construct Validity of Tests of Intelligence Other Issues –The measurement process –Personality –Gender –Family environment –Culture

Sample Items from the Chitling Intelligence Test [Adrian Dove] 1.A "handkerchief head" is: (a) a cool cat, (b) a porter, (c) an Uncle Tom, (d) a hoddi, (e) a preacher. 2.Which word is most out of place here? (a) splib, (b) blood, (c) gray, (d) spook, (e) black. 3. A "gas head" is a person who has a: (a) fast-moving car, (b) stable of "lace," (c) "process," (d) habit of stealing cars, (e) long jail record for arson. 4."Bo Diddley" is a: (a) game for children, (b) down-home cheap wine, (c) down-home singer, (d) new dance, (e) Moejoe call. 5. "Hully Gully" came from: (a) East Oakland, (b) Fillmore, (c) Watts, (d) Harlem, (e) Motor City.

Verbal Subtests Information: Who was the “father of our country? What is the population of the United States? At what temperature does ice freeze?

Verbal Subtests Similarities In what way are red and green alike? How are a worm and a chicken alike? In what way are loud and soft alike?

Verbal Subtests Vocabulary What is an orange? What does considerate mean? What does deprecate mean? What does pusillanimous mean?

Verbal Subtests Comprehension How would you find your way out if you were lost in the forest without a compass? What is a purpose of the United Nations? Why might money become obsolete?

Verbal Subtests Digit Span Repeat these numbers 5-4-9; ; ; Repeat these numbers backward: 2-8-4; ; ;

Verbal Subtests Arithmetic If you bought $3.58 in merchandise and gave the storekeeper a $20.00 bill, how much change should you get back? If a $900 TV set is on sale for 1/3 off, how much would it cost? Sales tax is 7-percent; how much would a $146 suit cost, sales tax included?

Performance Subtests Block Design Matrix Reasoning Visual Puzzles Picture Completion Figure Weights Symbol Search Coding

Block Design

Matrix Reasoning

Visual Puzzles Q: "Which 3 of these pieces go together to make this puzzle?" A: "Options 1, 3 and 6 go together to make this puzzle.”

Picture Completion “What is missing in this picture?

Figure Weights Q: "Which one of these goes here to balance the scale?" A: "Option 2 goes there to balance the scale.”

Coding

Supplemental Examples "When I say go, draw a line through each red square and yellow triangle."