THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Before the Industrial Revolution Rural (agriculture-based) economy Cottage system of production Inefficient Agriculture (example: common pastures, three field (open field) system)

Major Causes of the Industrial Revolution THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION (1) Acceptance of new crops (potatoes and maize across Europe) (2) Crop rotation (the four field system: wheat, turnips, oats/barley, clover) (3) The Enclosure Movement (improved soil and livestock; displaced poor peasants – formally-The Enclosure Act of 1801) (4) Technological innovations and agricultural propaganda (1793 – Arthur Young and the Board of Agriculture) “Prosperity under Farmer King George III” 

The Agricultural Revolution (cont.) The Enclosure Movement

Agricultural Innovations: Robert Bakewell – Jethro Tull’s Stock (selective) Breeding Seed Drill Year Sheep (lbs) Cattle (lbs) 1710 28 370 1795 80 800

Causes of the Industrial Revolution – POPULATION GROWTH Why? (1)Better resistance to diseases (2) New crops (3) More reliable food supply (4) Young population (in early 19th century, 40% in England - under age of 15)

Causes of Agricultural Revolution Technological Changes in the 18th century Spirit of innovation (scientific agriculture and less resistance to technology from urban guilds Josiah Wedgewood – division of labor and pottery – from 1700s Matthew Boulton’s Factory with Steam Engine - 1762

Technological Innovations: Steam Engine Thomas Newcomen (1705) – first modern steam engine James Watt (1763) – improvement on the original engine (partnership with Boulton and application in factories and Fulton’s steamship Claremont (1807))

Technological Innovations in Textile (Cotton) Industry First industry to go through mechanization/ industrialization Series of inventions reduced labor costs - John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle” (1733) - Richard Arkwright’s “Water Frame” (1771) - James Hargreaves’ “Spinning Jenny” (1778) - Samuel Crompton’s “Mule” (1779) The Spinning Jenny Machine’s installed in mills close to water sources. Women had to leave homes to work in mills (factories)

Innovations in other Industries: The Iron Industry (from Abraham Darby’s bridge (1779) to the Crystal Palace (1851)) Transportation - Railroads (Stephenson’s Rocket – 1820’s and 1830s) - Steamboats and ships (1838 Transatlantic Steamship race) Communication (Electric Telegraph -1830s)

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain? Diverse economy - Export – oriented - Colonies = sources of raw materials / markets for finished goods - Unified internal market Natural resources and advantages of physical geography - Large deposits of coal and iron - Navigable rivers and coastline (canals!) - Island = natural protection against invasion/wars Strong navy and the largest merchant marine Government responsive to business - More “fluid” society - Constitutional protections of private property

Changes in Social Patterns: Urbanization Improved connection between rural and urban areas (roads, canals, etc.) Increase in lower class women’s and child’s labor Formation of new social classes – urban working class (proletariat) and the new middle class “Cult of domesticity”

“Culture” of the Industrial Factory Production Rigid discipline (shifts/reg.hours) New values (influenced by Methodism and middle class work ethic)

Urbanization: Living and Working Conditions Uneven distribution of benefits from industrialization (middle class ; urban working class ) “Places of work” – unhealthy conditions Working class housing – overcrowding = unsanitary!

New Social Classes Proletariat Bourgeoisie *Urban factory *Industrial workers / poor *Shared experience of exploitation *Expanded with urbanization Bourgeoisie *Industrial Entrepreneurs *Urban professionals *Small business owners and managers

Reform Efforts Edwin Chadwick and Robert Owen The Poor Law Commission Legislation of the 1830s-40s *The Factory Act of 1833 *The Poor Law Act of 1834 *The Coal Mines Act of 1842 *The Public Health Act of 1849 Edwin Chadwick Robert Owen

Laissez faire (Capitalism) Luddism Chartism Utilitarianism Economic and Political “Isms” – Responses to the Industrial Revolution: Laissez faire (Capitalism) Luddism Chartism Utilitarianism Utopian socialism Scientific socialism ----- (communism)

Industrialization on the Continent Belgium, N.France and German states Lagged behind Britain British tech. expertise Active gov’t involvement Joint-stock investment banks

Economic Liberalism vs. National Interests Adam Smith vs. Friedrich List Free trade vs. Government intervention (tariffs) List’s theory: Three stages 1). Free trade (esp. with industrialized countries) 2). Protectionism 3). Free trade

Impact of Industrialization on Non-Western World The revolution spread from England to the rest of Western Europe and, eventually, the United States Western powers projected their industrial dominance on non-Western societies through economic domination and military interference

Is the Industrial Revolution over?

Work Cited: Slide 1: http://mhslibrary.org/Teacher%20Projects/Teacher%20Projects/Social%20Studies/D%27Acquisto/Industrial%20Revolution/progress.jpg http://www.teacherlink.org/content/social/instructional/industrialrevolution/childmillworker.jpg Slide 2: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_1- vEOICRwA/TIgR3d8y3qI/AAAAAAAACs0/6fZo2foigu4/s1600/spinning+shop.jpg http://adminstaff.vassar.edu/sttaylor/FAMINE/PT/cottage2.jpg Slide 3: http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/agriculture/agriculture/history/graphics/1700.gif http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/browser.php?m=objects&kv=65303&i=122795 Slide 4: http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/be83d73d2626451f816016965357fa88_1M.png http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/images/episode/b00b1m9b_640_360.jpg Slide 5: http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1899/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1899-3198.jpg http://irinventions.biss.wikispaces.net/file/view/An_English_farmer_plants_his_fields_in_the_early_1700s_using_a_seed_drill..png/234866676/508x219/An_English_farmer_plants_his_fields_in_the_early_1700s_using_a_seed_drill..png Slide 6: http://apworldhistorywiki.wikispaces.com/file/view/worldpopulationgrowth2%5B1%5D.gif/178496593/worldpopulationgrowth2%5B1%5D.gif Slide 7: http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/watt02.htm http://www.thepotteries.org/works/burslem/brick_house.jpg Slide 8: http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/images/2008/01/30/thomas_newcomen_engine_lead_203x152.jpg http://pioneros.puj.edu.co/biografias/img/thomas%20newcomen.jpg http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_10_img0714.jpg http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/watto.htm Slide 9: http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/010.html Slide 10: http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/images/grafics/nonani/stephenson_rocket_big.gif http://www.jimwegryn.com/Names/Ships/greatwestern.jpg Slide 11: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FaidyrQJzCI/TpwledViZDI/AAAAAAAAAFc/f1-SehPULww/s400/Untitled.jpg Slide 12: http://science.jrank.org/article_images/ep201102/science/science3574.jpg http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~moyer/GEOS24705/Images/ChildrenSpinning.jpg Slide 13: http://iwcmediaecology.pbworks.com/f/1228259284/LudditesSmashingLoomLarge-757004.jpg http://pier88.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/capitalisms_pyramid.jpg http://www.google.com/imgres?q=karl+marx&num=10&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&gbv=2&biw=1268&bih=628&tbm=isch&tbnid=2mojWAeQRKO7AM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx&docid=yShKn8aOXxIbKM&itg=1&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Marx_color2.jpg/110px-Marx_color2.jpg&w=110&h=141&ei=K5tHT-ndLcre0gGpyvH5DQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=584&vpy=195&dur=51&hovh=112&hovw=88&tx=86&ty=50&sig=112143469369497069947&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=112&tbnw=88&start=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0 Slide 14: http://pier88.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/capitalisms_pyramid.jpg http://quicktake.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/british-cartoon-on-opium.jpg?w=720