Growth and Inequality in India and Brazil Cebrap-IHD project on Labour Market Inequality in Brazil and India December 2013.

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Growth and Inequality in India and Brazil Cebrap-IHD project on Labour Market Inequality in Brazil and India December 2013

Growth and inequality in India and Brazil2 Gini Coefficient of Household Income (Brazil) and Household Expenditure (India),

Growth and inequality in India and Brazil3

4 Comparative analysis Quantitative cross-section – Using national sample surveys to investigate patterns of inter-household inequalities in consumption/income or interpersonal inequalities in earnings – Key dimensions education, sex, caste, race, gender, region, sector – Earnings functions and decompositions Historical-institutional – Pattern of growth and employment – Segmentations, class structures and structural divides – “Growth, accumulation and distribution regimes”

Growth and inequality in India and Brazil5 Pattern of change in Real GDP (per capita) and Real Wages (Regular workers) in India from to

Growth and inequality in India and Brazil6 Pattern of change in Real GDP ( per capita) and Real Wages (Casual Workers) in India from to

Growth and inequality in India and Brazil7 Pattern of change in Real GDP (per capita) and Real Wages in Brazil from 1995 to 2009

Growth and inequality in India and Brazil8 Pattern of Wage Share in India for Organized Sector Workers,

Growth and inequality in India and Brazil9 Functional distribution of income, Brazil, 1995 to 2009

Growth and inequality in India and Brazil10 Earnings inequality and work status (Theil indices)

Earnings inequality by caste (India) and race (Brazil) (Theil indices) INDIA: Caste Regular workers Total Inequality Within.342 (95%)0.396 (93%).412 (95%).405 (94%) Between.017 (5%).028 (7%).020 (5%).025 (6%) Casual Workers Total Inequality Within.172 (97%).149 (98%).117 (98%).126 (98%) Between.006 (3%).003 (2%) BRAZIL: Race Total Inequality Within0.592 (91%)0.576 (92%) (94%) (94%) Between0.058 (9%) (5%)0.037 (6%)0.032 (6%)

Growth and inequality in India and Brazil12 Regional inequality of expenditure (India) and income (Brazil) (Theil indices) India (expenditure) Total Within.16 (88%).20 (88%).23 (87%).22 (85%) Between.02 (12%).02 (12%).03 (13%).04 (13%) Brazil (income) Total Within0.71 (90%) 0.60 (92%) 0.54 (93%) 0.51 (93%) Between0.08 (10%) 0.05 (8%) 0.04 (7%) 0.04 (7%)

Growth and inequality in India and Brazil13 Growth and distribution regimes – 1930s/1940s until around 1980 India: State-led planning and investment, import substitution and slow growth, some state action to limit inequality but development of dualist labour markets Brazil: State-capitalist alliance, growth of middle class, import substitution, period of high growth, eventually suppression of labour and growing inequality – 1980s to today India: external and internal liberalization, diminishing economic role of state, weakening of labour institutions, high growth but limited creation of good jobs Brazil: external and internal liberalization leading to economic crisis, high unemployment, but reregulation after 2002 with revival of labour institutions and stronger social policy