After 1848 The Concert of Europe sounds a sour note!!

The Congress of Vienna had established Metternich’s view of a Europe united by conservative monarchs – all working in concert to keep liberalism at bay. The Congress of Vienna had established Metternich’s view of a Europe united by conservative monarchs – all working in concert to keep liberalism at bay – the revolutions and turmoil threw Metternich’s dream into disarray – the revolutions and turmoil threw Metternich’s dream into disarray. In 1854, a conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire destroyed the Concert of Europe. In 1854, a conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire destroyed the Concert of Europe.

The Crimean War Centuries long rivalry between the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire Centuries long rivalry between the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire Russia wanted greater access to the Mediterranean Sea Russia wanted greater access to the Mediterranean Sea Russia wanted control over the Slavic peoples in the Ottoman lands in Europe Russia wanted control over the Slavic peoples in the Ottoman lands in Europe Russia wanted to take advantage of the growing internal weakness of the Ottoman Empire – “the sick man of Europe” Russia wanted to take advantage of the growing internal weakness of the Ottoman Empire – “the sick man of Europe”

Nicholas I of Russia: Nicholas I of Russia: Wanted the Ottoman provinces of Moldavia (present day Moldova) and Walachia (present day Romania). Nicholas stated that Pan- Slavism and the Russian belief that they were the protectors of the Orthodox Church – demanded that Russia control those provinces and the people in them. Wanted the Ottoman provinces of Moldavia (present day Moldova) and Walachia (present day Romania). Nicholas stated that Pan- Slavism and the Russian belief that they were the protectors of the Orthodox Church – demanded that Russia control those provinces and the people in them.

Nicholas I was angered when the Ottoman Turks gave France control over the Christian shrines in Palestine. Traditionally, Orthodox priests controlled the shrines such as the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, etc. The Turks’ actions meant that Roman Catholic France would run the shrines. It was a tremendously important symbolic slap at Russia. Nicholas I was angered when the Ottoman Turks gave France control over the Christian shrines in Palestine. Traditionally, Orthodox priests controlled the shrines such as the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, etc. The Turks’ actions meant that Roman Catholic France would run the shrines. It was a tremendously important symbolic slap at Russia.

Summer of 1853 – Russian troops moved into Moldavia and Walachia – that fall the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. Summer of 1853 – Russian troops moved into Moldavia and Walachia – that fall the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. This should have meant Russian victory in the eastern Mediterranean and Balkans. This should have meant Russian victory in the eastern Mediterranean and Balkans. BUT….. BUT…..

The thought of Russian expansion – even against the Muslim Turks – infuriated Great Britain and France. Both nations wanted to keep Russia in check. The thought of Russian expansion – even against the Muslim Turks – infuriated Great Britain and France. Both nations wanted to keep Russia in check. Napoleon III also hoped that a war would help him raise his popularity in France. Napoleon III also hoped that a war would help him raise his popularity in France. 28 March 1854 – Great Britain and France declared war on Russia 28 March 1854 – Great Britain and France declared war on Russia

Nicholas I hoped that Austria and Prussia would come to his aid – but both remained neutral. Nicholas I hoped that Austria and Prussia would come to his aid – but both remained neutral. Austria actually had eyes on the Balkans and did not want Russia to play an active role in southern Europe. Austria actually had eyes on the Balkans and did not want Russia to play an active role in southern Europe.

The War Battle of Sevastopol – 1855 – after a long siege – the Russian fortress fell Battle of Sevastopol – 1855 – after a long siege – the Russian fortress fell “Charge of the Light Brigade” – popularized by Alfred, Lord Tennyson “Charge of the Light Brigade” – popularized by Alfred, Lord Tennyson Florence Nightingale – “the lady with the lamp” developed formalized nursing. Florence Nightingale – “the lady with the lamp” developed formalized nursing.

The Charge of the Light Brigade The Charge of the Light Brigade Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. 'Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns' he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. 'Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns' he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. ]'Forward, the Light Brigade!' Was there a man dismay'd? Not tho' the soldiers knew Some one had blunder'd: Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them Volley'd and thunder'd; Storm'd at with shot and shell, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell Rode the six hundred. ]'Forward, the Light Brigade!' Was there a man dismay'd? Not tho' the soldiers knew Some one had blunder'd: Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them Volley'd and thunder'd; Storm'd at with shot and shell, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell Rode the six hundred.

Flash'd all their sabres bare, Flash'd as they turned in air Sabring the gunners there, Charging an army while All the world wonder'd: Plunged in the battery-smoke Right thro' the line they broke; Cossack and Russian Reel'd from the sabre-stroke Shatter'd and sunder'd. Then they rode back, but not Not the six hundred. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon behind them Volley'd and thunder'd; Storm'd at with shot and shell, While horse and hero fell, They that had fought so well Came thro' the jaws of Death, Back from the mouth of Hell, All that was left of them, Left of six hundred. When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made! All the world wonder'd. Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred! Flash'd all their sabres bare, Flash'd as they turned in air Sabring the gunners there, Charging an army while All the world wonder'd: Plunged in the battery-smoke Right thro' the line they broke; Cossack and Russian Reel'd from the sabre-stroke Shatter'd and sunder'd. Then they rode back, but not Not the six hundred. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon behind them Volley'd and thunder'd; Storm'd at with shot and shell, While horse and hero fell, They that had fought so well Came thro' the jaws of Death, Back from the mouth of Hell, All that was left of them, Left of six hundred. When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made! All the world wonder'd. Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred!

Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale

1856 Treaty of Paris Highly unfavorable to Russia Highly unfavorable to Russia 1. Russia surrendered land at the mouth of the Danube River 1. Russia surrendered land at the mouth of the Danube River 2. Russia had to recognize the neutrality of the Black Sea 2. Russia had to recognize the neutrality of the Black Sea 3. Russia had to renounce claims to protectorate over Christians in the Ottoman Empire 3. Russia had to renounce claims to protectorate over Christians in the Ottoman Empire 4. Russian forces had to leave Walachia and Moldavia 4. Russian forces had to leave Walachia and Moldavia

The Results of the Crimean War 1. Image of the invincible Russia was destroyed – internally and externally 1. Image of the invincible Russia was destroyed – internally and externally 2. British were alarmed that their army was not up to their expectations 2. British were alarmed that their army was not up to their expectations 3. Austria was embarrassed by remaining neutral – so it tried to develop more influence over the German Confederation 3. Austria was embarrassed by remaining neutral – so it tried to develop more influence over the German Confederation 4. Prussia became alarmed at Austria’s move to have more influence in Germany – Prussia began a movement that would result with it unifying Germany 4. Prussia became alarmed at Austria’s move to have more influence in Germany – Prussia began a movement that would result with it unifying Germany

Italian Unification Napoleon unified the various Italian states for the first time since the Roman Empire. Napoleon unified the various Italian states for the first time since the Roman Empire. After the Congress of Vienna – Romantic nationalists developed secret societies in order to promote Italian unification. They were called CARBONARI – charcoal burners. After the Congress of Vienna – Romantic nationalists developed secret societies in order to promote Italian unification. They were called CARBONARI – charcoal burners.

The leader of the Romantic republican nationalism was GUISEPPI MAZZINI He is now referred to as the “Heart of Italian Unification.” The leader of the Romantic republican nationalism was GUISEPPI MAZZINI He is now referred to as the “Heart of Italian Unification.” In 1831 he founded YOUNG ITALY – in order to drive the Austrians from Italy. In 1831 he founded YOUNG ITALY – in order to drive the Austrians from Italy.

Mazzini Mazzini

Mazzini’s romantic nationalism may be seen in his quote: Mazzini’s romantic nationalism may be seen in his quote: “Nationality is the role assigned by God to a people in the work of humanity. It is its missions, its task on earth, to the end that God’s thought may be realized in the world.” “Nationality is the role assigned by God to a people in the work of humanity. It is its missions, its task on earth, to the end that God’s thought may be realized in the world.” Mazzini wanted nationalism and republicanism Mazzini wanted nationalism and republicanism

In the 1830s and 1840s, Mazzini and fellow republican nationalist GUISEPPE GARIBALDI led revolts – RISORGIMENTO - that ended with the Roman Republic of When the Roman Republic fell – both traveled the world promoting Italian unification. In the 1830s and 1840s, Mazzini and fellow republican nationalist GUISEPPE GARIBALDI led revolts – RISORGIMENTO - that ended with the Roman Republic of When the Roman Republic fell – both traveled the world promoting Italian unification.

Garibaldi Garibaldi

Republican nationalism was not embraced by most of the moderate Italian liberals – who thought unification should be combined with a monarchy. Republican nationalism was not embraced by most of the moderate Italian liberals – who thought unification should be combined with a monarchy. They looked to the papacy for support – but after the 1849 Roman Republic - Pius IX wanted nothing to do with any form of liberalism. They looked to the papacy for support – but after the 1849 Roman Republic - Pius IX wanted nothing to do with any form of liberalism.

Piedmont-the Kingdom of Sardinia –the House of Savoy The Kingdom of Sardinia – which controlled the island of Sardinia and lands between modern Italy and France – had been asserting its influence by attacking Austria in 1848 and The Kingdom of Sardinia – which controlled the island of Sardinia and lands between modern Italy and France – had been asserting its influence by attacking Austria in 1848 and In 1852, King Victor Emmanuel II selected COUNT CAMILLO CAVOUR as prime minister. Cavour had one ambition – to unite Italy under the monarchy of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Cavour is known as the “brain of Italian unification. In 1852, King Victor Emmanuel II selected COUNT CAMILLO CAVOUR as prime minister. Cavour had one ambition – to unite Italy under the monarchy of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Cavour is known as the “brain of Italian unification.

Victor Emmanuel II Victor Emmanuel II

Cavour Cavour

Cavour led those Italians who favored unification – but who did not want a republican form of government. Cavour led those Italians who favored unification – but who did not want a republican form of government. In 1855, Sardinia joined France and Great Britain in the Crimean War against Russia. In 1855, Sardinia joined France and Great Britain in the Crimean War against Russia. WHY? – Sardinia and Cavour wanted to gain the support of the French in their aim of unification – because they would need to confront Austria to do so. WHY? – Sardinia and Cavour wanted to gain the support of the French in their aim of unification – because they would need to confront Austria to do so.

July 1858 – on a carriage ride – Cavour and Napoleon III devise a plan that would force Austria into a war with Sardinia. July 1858 – on a carriage ride – Cavour and Napoleon III devise a plan that would force Austria into a war with Sardinia. France would come to the aid of Sardinia France would come to the aid of Sardinia Austria (hopefully) would be defeated Austria (hopefully) would be defeated France would gain the Piedmont lands of Savoy and Nice. France would gain the Piedmont lands of Savoy and Nice.

1859 – Sardinia mobilized its armies along its border with Austrian holdings – Sardinia mobilized its armies along its border with Austrian holdings. Austria issued an ultimatum demanding that Piedmont stand down. Austria issued an ultimatum demanding that Piedmont stand down. War broke out with France and Sardinia against Austria. War broke out with France and Sardinia against Austria. Napoleon III pulled a “fast one” and negotiated a separate peace with Austria a few weeks after the war started. Napoleon III pulled a “fast one” and negotiated a separate peace with Austria a few weeks after the war started.

Sardinia received only a partial victory because of the French pull out. Sardinia received only a partial victory because of the French pull out. Sardinia received LOMBARDY but Austria maintained VENETIA Sardinia received LOMBARDY but Austria maintained VENETIA At the same time – the Italian states of Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna experienced revolutions. The four states voted to unify with Sardinia. At the same time – the Italian states of Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna experienced revolutions. The four states voted to unify with Sardinia.

May 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi landed in Sicily with 1,000 troops. The RED SHIRTS as they were known – soon conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies/Kingdom of Naples. Garibaldi is known as the “sword of Italian unification.” May 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi landed in Sicily with 1,000 troops. The RED SHIRTS as they were known – soon conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies/Kingdom of Naples. Garibaldi is known as the “sword of Italian unification.” Cavour feared that Garibaldi’s success would mean a republican form of government. Cavour feared that Garibaldi’s success would mean a republican form of government.

Garibaldi Garibaldi “Red Shirts” “Red Shirts”

Cavour sent Piedmontese troops south to stop Garibaldi Cavour sent Piedmontese troops south to stop Garibaldi The Piedmontese troops conquered the Papal States - except for the area directly around Rome that the pope controlled thanks to French troops. The Piedmontese troops conquered the Papal States - except for the area directly around Rome that the pope controlled thanks to French troops. Garibaldi chose nationalism over republicanism and accepted Sardinian domination. Garibaldi chose nationalism over republicanism and accepted Sardinian domination.

March 1861 – Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed king of Italy (Venetia and Rome not included) March 1861 – Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed king of Italy (Venetia and Rome not included) There were vast differences between northern and southern Italy. It proved difficult to truly unify the people into one culture. There were vast differences between northern and southern Italy. It proved difficult to truly unify the people into one culture. To insure political support – the Sardinians used transformismo – transforming political opponents into supporters through bribes and favors. Italian politics became infamous for corruption. To insure political support – the Sardinians used transformismo – transforming political opponents into supporters through bribes and favors. Italian politics became infamous for corruption.

1866 – Austro-Prussian War – for support against Austria – Italy received VENETIA when Prussia defeated Austria in – Austro-Prussian War – for support against Austria – Italy received VENETIA when Prussia defeated Austria in 1866 Franco-Prussian War 1870 – Napoleon III needed to recall the French troops that supported the pope. With the French troops gone – Italian forces walked into Rome and proclaimed sovereignty. The papacy entered a period of hostility toward the Italian government that lasted until Franco-Prussian War 1870 – Napoleon III needed to recall the French troops that supported the pope. With the French troops gone – Italian forces walked into Rome and proclaimed sovereignty. The papacy entered a period of hostility toward the Italian government that lasted until 1929.

1870 – All of the Italian peninsula was united under Victor Emmanuel II – All of the Italian peninsula was united under Victor Emmanuel II. Two small territories remained under the control of Austria – TRIESTE and TRENT. They were called Italia Irredenta – unredeemed Italy. Two small territories remained under the control of Austria – TRIESTE and TRENT. They were called Italia Irredenta – unredeemed Italy. Anger over Trieste and Trent helped push Italy into World War I against Austria. Anger over Trieste and Trent helped push Italy into World War I against Austria.