Crimean War

THE PLAYERS OttomansRussia England France Piedmont*/Italy Russia probably closer to 450k

Causes of the War Black Sea (Russian Interest) “Sick-Man” of Europe Holy Lands- France v. Russia (E. Orthodox) English Trade Routes- E. Mediterranean (Dardanelles) Piedmont- Gain allies for Nationalism

Results of the War Concert of Europe – Shattered –Next 60 years- Shifting alliances- Balance of Power Russia- Vulnerable –Intimidated others after Napoleon’s defeat Ottomans- Weak and getting weaker –Next 60 years- Russian/Habsburg expansion into Ottoman Territory- Balkan Powder Keg Modern Warfare –Trench fighting –Beginnings of Industrial Warfare Democratization of War –War memorials- include the names of soldiers Florence Nightengale Charge of the Light Brigade Treaty of Paris –Increase autonomy Balkan regions- including Serbia

Forward 20 years Along w/German and Italian Nationhood –Change of balance of power 1873—Bismarck’s –Three Emperors League Germany, Austro-Hungary, Russia Balkans- resolving problems ages/map-1878-treaty-of-berlin-2.jpg||| ages/map-1878-treaty-of-berlin-2.jpg||| –Treaty of San Stefano->Congress of Berlin 1878 Russo-British-Austrian Tension BOSNIA-HERZEGOVENIA- UNDER HABSBURG CONTROL! DEATH OF 3 EMPERORS LEAGUE ANTAGONIZED RUSSIA AND OTHER BALKAN STATES

More Bismarck 1879 Anschluss???- German/Austria- initially secret treaty –Approved annexation of Bosnia? –But defensive for Germany 1882 Triple Alliance –Italy Joins- Fend off France 1887 Reinsurance Treaty—quiet? –Russia- Neutrality- Don’t GET INVOLVED Kaiser Wilhelm I Dies->Wilhelm II->Fires Bismarck

The road to war? other Treaties Triple Entente –1894 Franco-Russian Alliance –1904 Britain-France –1907 Britain-Russia 1907 Two Sides –Triple Entente v. Triple Alliance

CRISISCRISISCRISIS Japan Morocco, Libya, Balkan Russo Japanese War- –Russia Emasculated –TR and Peace? 1908 Austria Annexes Bosnia/Herzegovenia –Kaiser Wilhelm II demands Russian Acceptance Russia red and egg faced—quiet deal doesn’t work 1912 Balkan League –Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece v. Ottomans->Macedonia and Albania Captured  2 nd Balkan War (1913) Ottomans, Greece, Serbia, Romania defeat Ottomans->Serbia unassuaged.

Imperialism Causes? –Christianity –Social Darwinism –Raw Resources –Population outsourcing –New Markets –Realpolitik- Strategy

New Imperialism v. Old New –Doesn’t take the Land –Involvement Evolves Resources Investment Some Involvement w/Govt Proxy Govt Takeover/Protectorate

Nations Britain-1 st and foremost –Trade Routes->New Imperialism Concern E. Mediterranean Suez Canal->Egypt India S. Africa France –Involvement N. Africa –Competition w/British

Germany –Use as strategy to balance Powers in Europe Other Nations- –Portugal, Belgium, Spain, Italy (US Too!) Portugal, Spain, long standing Commitments –Resources, Gain Political Prestige

Flashpoints Late 19C early 20c China –Concern Growing Japan –Opium War->Keep Trade Open –Open Door Policy –Boxer’s Rebellion Africa –Boer War (accelerates->British German Tension – willy you jerk!) E. Mediterranean –Balkans –Dardanelles –Constantinople Russo-Japan –1904 War, won by Japan –Willy? Not again –Destabilizes Russia Cuba –Spanish American War US dominant force in Pacific– Japan on the rise