Particulate matter measurements from the Canadian Forest fires S. Sharma, B. Wiens, D. Lavoué D. Toom-Sauntry, D. Halpin, J. Brook, L. Huang, S. Gong and A. Gaudenzi 1). PNR Research (Wiens) – Prescribed burns of forest and agricultural sites. 2). Measurements of processed aerosols at Fraserdale, a Boreal Forest location (Sharma).

Objectives: n To speciate and quantify the contribution of biomass burning (forest fires) at the three Canadian locations such as Fraserdale in Ontario, Brazeau river (Jasper National Park) and Yoho National Park in Alberta. n To better quantify the emissions factors of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) from prescribed burn of a forested boreal region and some agricultural crops. n To understand the occurrence, atmospheric chemistry and potential impacts on climate and air quality issues of PM by forest fires, natural emissions by the forest and the fossil fuel combustion at Fraserdale. n To use 13 C/ 12 C to source apportion for EC & OC.

Expected Sampling Site in Brazeau 1. Brazeau Prescribed Burn  Two Sampling periods Flaming and Smouldering phases at one sampling site Flaming and Smouldering phases at one sampling site  Three camera sites for multi-axis fire imagery  Collaborating with Parks Canada and Sustainable Resource Development (AB) Development (AB)  No Burns this fall due to wet conditions and labour dispute PNR 04/05 Fire Research

Monitoring Package n Mini Vol samplers (47 mm filter; 5 litres/min) n Three simultaneous samples –Teflon-quartz pair (gravimetric, elements and –Two quartz (EC/OC and PAH’s) n LiCor 820 CO2 Analyzer n GasAlertMax (H 2 S, CO, O 2 ) n Temp, RH, windspeed n No VOC sampling

2. Agricultural burn site: Bratts Lake

Agricultural Residue n Flax residue typically burned in autumn n Arrangements made for field near Bratts Lake BSRN station n Use same monitors as Forest n Supplemented by extensive instrumentation at Bratts Lake n Burn anticipated in October (depends on weather and crop insurance) n Potentially second burn of grain straw

3. Fraserdale, Remote site in Northern Ontario (Southern perimeter of Hudson Bay Lowland) Sources: Winter Arctic haze, ski-doos, Local wood burning, Transport from cities and towns Summer Vegetation, logging trucks, Forest fires, Transport from cities and towns M. S. C.

Sampling Manifold 30 Feet above ground 4 filter-pack system

2.5  m size- cut Quartz fiber filter for chemical analysis 2.5  m size-cut Zefluor (teflon)  for mass TSP Zefluor (Teflon) for mass TSP Quartz fiber for chemical analysis Sampling Manifold Flow=16.7 slpm Blank

Particle Soot Absorption Photometer Flow controllers Data collection

Measurements and status: Historical BC data from has been quality controlled.

Black carbon and CO CO measured by Doug Worthy’s group 400 ng/m 3 Preliminary Results: I. Measurements background

2003 Eastern Canada Fires

Back-trajectories Transport from N.W. Ontario Transport from Central Quebec

Weekly integrated PM 2.5 inorganic analysis at Fraserdale from Jan 10-Oct 02, Golden Ears Park: Oxa=0.15  g/m 3, SO 4 2- <2 µg/m 3, NH 4 + <1  g/m 3, NO 3 - <0.5 µg/m3 EC= 2  g/m 3, OC=15 µg/m 3 Inorganic analysis

Carbonaceous aerosols contribute up to 40% of PM 2.5

Isotopic EC & OC in PM 2.5 Forest fires

Isotopic EC & OC (TSP) Forest fires

Hourly BC Emissions Elapsed time since ignition (hours) Area burned (hectares) sigmoidal fire growth diurnal variability Area Burned (A) Emissions(X) = A. (ß. B). EF(X) Average and constant fuel consumption amount by ecoregion ( .B) 3. Modeling

tonnes (x10) BC Emissions, 25 June 2003 – 1800Z

BC Plume, 27 June 2003 – 0000Z in 1E -10 kg/kg (to convert to  g m -3, multiply by 1.16x10 9 ) knots

Black Carbon, Canada 30%

PM 2.5 Emissions in 1995 (tonnes)

Canadian Large Fires,

Future work: 1) Chemical analysis of all samples until Oct sample period. 2) Transport modeling with CAM in RCM and/or GEM at a higher grid resolution. 3) Finally modeling (emission and transport) for BC measurements. 4)Slight chance that prescribed burn might take place in the spring, 05. A subset of this work was also presented at the “8 th International Carbonaceous aerosol meeting”, held in Vienna in Sept