Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Carbon Compounds

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon is found in all living organisms. Carbon atoms can bond with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus to form carbon or organic compounds. Carbon or organic compounds are the building blocks for organisms and the major source of their chemical energy. CARBON COMPOUNDS = ORGANIC COMPOUNDS!

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Why do I need to know about carbon compounds?  Life depends on carbon/organic compounds! When you eat food or inhale oxygen, your body uses these materials in chemical reactions that keep you alive.  Just as buildings are made from bricks, steel, glass and wood, living things are made from carbon/organic compounds.

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Why is CARBON so important?  Carbon atoms have the ability to form strong bonds.  Not only can carbon atoms bond to H, N, O, P and S atoms, but a carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms! -this gives carbon the ability to form long chains -the carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds -chains of carbon atoms can close and form rings This makes carbon a versatile element-- No other element even comes close!

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Carbon/organic compounds are Macromolecules--mega molecules. Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization, where smaller molecules, monomers, join together to form larger molecules, polymers.

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Four groups of carbon/organic compounds are found in living organisms: –carbohydrates –lipids –nucleic acids –proteins

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall All living organisms contain carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. In order to make these molecules, all consumers must eat plants and animals. These foods provide consumers with the materials they need to make their own carbon-base molecules. Borg like me you would not need carbon- based molecules!

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School What is a Carbohydrate?

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Carbohydrates – Structure  A carbohydrate is an organic compound made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.  Carbohydrate macromolecules have a unique ring structure.  The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, like glucose.  C 6 H 12 O 6

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Carbohydrates – Structure The various forms of carbohydrate polymers are…  monosaccharide: single sugar molecule (Ex: glucose, galactose, fructose)  disaccharide: two sugar molecules (Ex: lactose, sucrose)  polysaccharide: many sugar molecules (Ex: glycogen (in animals) starch, cellulose (in plants))

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Polysaccharide: Glycogen  A storage form of sugar in animals (mainly mammals) in the liver and muscles. Ex: When your blood glucose levels are low, glycogen is released from the liver.

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Polysaccharide: Starch  A storage form of sugar in plants in food reservoirs such as seeds and bulbs. Ex: potatoes, cereal, pasta, bread, rice

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Polysaccharide: Cellulose  Used for strength and rigidity in plants in the cell wall.  Cellulose is an indigestible molecule, also known as fiber. Ex: vegetables, fruits, wood and paper

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Carbohydrates – Function  Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.  Simple sugars (mono-, di- saccharides) provide immediate energy for all cell activities.  Living things store extra sugar as complex carbs (polysaccharides).

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School What is a Lipid?

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Lipids – Structure  A lipid is a macromolecule made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms.  Lipids are unique because they are nonpolar molecules, meaning they do NOT dissolve in water.  Lipid macromolecules are chain structures.  The building blocks of lipids are fatty acids.

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Lipids – Structure The various forms of polymer lipids are…  saturated fatty acid (“full”): contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms; carbon atoms joined by single bonds  unsaturated fatty acid (“not full”): do NOT contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms; carbon atoms joined by double bonds

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Lipids – Structure

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Unsaturated fats  Many unsaturated fats are found in vegetable products, fish, and  Are LIQUID at room temperature Ex: plant oils, nuts, fish oil

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School  Many saturated fats are found in animal products, and  Are SOLID at room temperature Ex: butter, fats in meats Saturated fats

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Trans fats  Trans fats are man-made (artificial); this is done by “hydrogenating vegetable oils”  They are SOLID at room temperature Ex: many processed foods

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Lipids – Function  The main functions of lipids are for  energy storage  insulation  make up cell membranes  protective waterproof coverings

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School What is a Protein?

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Proteins – Structure  A protein is a large complex polymer made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.  Protein macromolecules are very large,complex, and unique structures.  The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Proteins – Structure For each amino acid…  the amino & carboxyl groups are identical so they can join together by covalent bonds, but  the “R” group is different.  There are 20 common amino acids used by all organisms in nature, in different combinations.

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Proteins – Function  The function of proteins include:  control the rate of chemical reactions - enzymes  regulate cell processes  transport oxygen in the blood - hemoglobin  help fight disease - antibodies  form bone and muscle

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA. Amino Acids Protein Molecule

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School What is a Nucleic Acid?

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Nucleic Acids – Structure  A nucleic acid is also a polymer made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus.  Nucleic acid macromolecules vary in their size and complexity: DNA is a long double helix!  The building blocks of nucleic acids are monomers known as nucleotides.

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Nucleic Acids – Function  The main function of nucleic acids is to store and transmit genetic (hereditary) information.  There are 2 kinds: RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as –lipids. –monosaccharides. –proteins. –polysaccharides.

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Many lipids are formed from glycerol and –fatty acids. –monosaccharides. –amino acids. –nucleic acids.

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules because –they contain both amino groups and carboxyl groups. –they can twist and fold into many different and complex structures. –they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. –their R groups can be either acidic or basic.

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Which of the following statements about cellulose is true? –Animals make it and use it to store energy. –Plants make it and use it to store energy. –Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton. –Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells.

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that –plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins. –proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not. –polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids. –proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.