Chapter 6: Production & Exchange Objectives:  Identify and describe the four modes of subsistence  Distinguish between the three systems of exchange  Compare and contrast formalist and substantivist economic theories  Appreciate the variety of economic systems described in Scripture

Modes of Subsistence Definition: Culturally created means of securing food Key Concepts  foraging [hunting and gathering]  horticulture  pastoralism  agriculture  market exchange (not a subsistence strategy; combines with agriculture)

Subsistence system Definition Examples in the chapter Foraging a subsistence strategy based on gathering plants that grow wild in the environment and hunting available animals Inuit Ju/'hoansi Waorani Horticulture A subsistence strategy in which people cultivate varieties of wild or domesticated crops, primarily for their own use, using relatively little technology Ikalahan Yanamamo Koyfar Pastoralism A subsistence strategy based on the use of domesticated herd animals Maasai Nuer Samburu Agriculture A subsistence strategy that requires constant and intensive use of permanent fields for plant cultivation United States Latin American plantations Southeast Asian plantations

Subsistence Strategies Foraging  Gathering/hunting based on ecology  Production refers to identifying, locating, and securing food in environment  Found in wide variety of environments Social Forms  Egalitarian division of labor only based on gender; all adults do what other adults do  Low population density sufficient land mobility  “Affluence” based on wants, not supplies

Subsistence Strategies Horticulture  Generally subsistence farming  Requires land predictable water supply domesticatable or accessible wild plants  Typically uses extensive farming techniques  Relatively little technology necessary Social Forms  Labor organized by kin group or community  Populations often settled  May lead to limited social stratification and specialization  Requires some sort of property rights

Subsistence Strategies Pastoralism  Production located in herd animals  Requires accessible food for animals accessible water domesticatable animals  Relatively little technology necessary Social Forms  Labor organized by kin group or community  Populations may be settled (for transhumant) or nomadic  May lead to limited social stratification and specialization  Requires some sort of property rights

Subsistence Strategies Agriculture  Farming for the purposes of trade and surplus  May involve extensive or intensive techniques  Often requires greater use of technological intervention  Generally monocropping Social Forms  Labor organized by markets  Often requires centralized political systems and complex legal structures  Provides for high levels of social stratification and specialization  May allow populations to grow and centralize (urbanization)

Energy Input Energy Output (Calories) Extensive Intensive Equal input and output Extensive and Intensive Farming

Systems of Exchange  Reciprocity generalized balanced negative  Redistribution  Market

Economic Theories Formalist  All economic systems can be understood in terms of neoclassical economics Substantivist  Local economic life must be understood in its own terms

Economic Systems in the Bible  Foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, and market systems are all depicted in Scripture in positive and negative ways.  God calls people to be generous in every system, caring for the poor and economically vulnerable.