Chapter 12 THE PROTOZOA UNICELLULAR - EUCARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS FOUND IN THE KINGDOM PROTISTA NO COMMON BASIC STRUCTURE, SIZE OR SHAPE SIZE VARIES GREATLY - 2 TO 5,000 m

Distribution FREE LIVING FORMS PARASITIC FORMS (MANY ANIMALS CARRY PROTOZOANS AS NORMAL FLORA) FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION OF FREE LIVING FORMS NaCl CONCENTRATION pH TEMPERATURE OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS

Nutrition FREE LIVING FORMS - PHAGOCYTOSIS OF PARTICULATE MATTER COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL NEEDS ALL ARE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS STORAGE PRODUCTS - GLYCOGEN, STARCH AND LIPIDS ASEXUAL – BINARY FISSION, MULTIPLE FISSION OR BUDDING

Reproduction ASEXUAL – BINARY FISSION, MULTIPLE FISSION OR BUDDING SEXUAL - SYNGAMY OR CONJUGATION CLASSIFICATION (ORGANELLES OF MOTOLITY) KINGDOM: PROTISTA PHYLUM: PROTOZOA GROUPINGS: AMOEBA, FLAGELLATES, CILIATES, SPOROZOA AMOEBA - PSEUDOPODIA - NO CELL WALL AMOEBA PROTEUS - FREE LIVING AMOEBA

Classification KINGDOM: PROTISTA PHYLUM: PROTOZOA GROUPINGS: AMOEBA, FLAGELLATES, CILIATES, SPOROZOA AMOEBA - PSEUDOPODIA - NO CELL WALL AMOEBA PROTEUS - FREE LIVING AMOEBA

Classification (continue) ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Causes: Amoebic Dysentery ACANTHAMOEBA Sp. Causes: 1. Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis 2. Keratitis

Classification (continue) FLAGELLATES - FLAGELLA (MOST HUMAN PATHOGENS IN THIS GROUP) MOST PRIMITIVE OF THE PROTOZOANS CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAGELLA

EUGLENA Sp.

PATHOGENIC FLAGELLATES GIARDIA LAMBLIA TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TRYPANOSOMA SP.

CILIATES

REPRODUCTION MOST ADVANCED PORTOZOA ORAL GROOVE CONTRACTILE VACUOLE NUCLEAR DIMORPHISM REPRODUCTION ASEXUALLY BY BINARY FISSION SEXUALLY BY CONJUGATION PATHOGENIC CILIATE - BALANTIDIUM COLI

Treatment for protozoan infections is usually an antibiotic called metranidazole also called flagyl.

SPOROZOA ALL OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES ALL HAVE COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES PATHOGENIC SPOROZOAN-PLASMODIUM Sp. CAUSATIVE AGENT OF MALARIA FOUR SPECIES CAUSE MALARIA

1. P. MALARIAE 2. P. OVALE 3. P. VIVAX 4. P. FALCIPARUM LIFE CYCLE OCCURS IN TWO ORGANISMS MOSQUITO (ANOPHELES Sp.) AND ANIMAL BODY SEXUAL CYCLE IN MOSQUITO ASEXUAL CYCLE IN HUMAN BODY

3 IMPORTANT STAGES IN LIFE CYCLE SPOROZOITE MEROZOITE GAMETOCYTE LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA MOST DEADLY FORM IS P.FALCIPARUM HOW MALARIA KILLS

TREATMENT FOR MALARIA - QUININE AND ITS DERIVATIVES CHLOROQUINE PRIMAQUINE MEFLOQUINE - LARIUM SIDE EFFECTS OF LONG TERM USE OF QUININE HALLUCINATIONS CONVULSIONS EMOTIONAL CHANGES

VACCINE????