Chap. 30 : Populations and Communities I. Populations - group of living things of the same species that live in an area. - group of living things of the same species that live in an area. A. Arrangement A. Arrangement 1. Clumped – large amount in an area ex. Humans,flocks,herds 1. Clumped – large amount in an area ex. Humans,flocks,herds

2. Random – no pattern develops ex. Animals with territories 3. Uniform – set pattern ex. Planted trees in rows 2. Random – no pattern develops ex. Animals with territories 3. Uniform – set pattern ex. Planted trees in rows B. Sampling B. Sampling - determining the number in a population ex. Tagging, transmitters - determining the number in a population ex. Tagging, transmitters - difficult – may not be accurate - difficult – may not be accurate C. Changes in Populations C. Changes in Populations 1. Emigration – movement away from an area 1. Emigration – movement away from an area 2. Immigration – movement into an area 2. Immigration – movement into an area ex. Migrations of butterflies, geese, “old people” ex. Migrations of butterflies, geese, “old people”

D. Limiting factors- any factor that keeps the size of the population from increasing. Ex. Space, water, food, light D. Limiting factors- any factor that keeps the size of the population from increasing. Ex. Space, water, food, light II.Communities - all living things in an area that depend on each other. Ex. Pond, forest - all living things in an area that depend on each other. Ex. Pond, forest A. Habitat – area within a community where an organism lives. A. Habitat – area within a community where an organism lives. B. Niche – the job of the organism within its community. Ex. Plants – produce food, earthworms-give air to soil for good plant growth B. Niche – the job of the organism within its community. Ex. Plants – produce food, earthworms-give air to soil for good plant growth

C. Producers – make food for community ex. Plants, algae, some bacteria C. Producers – make food for community ex. Plants, algae, some bacteria D. Consumers – organisms that eat other organisms. D. Consumers – organisms that eat other organisms. plant ---- cow human plant ---- cow human (producer) ( primary consumer ) ( secondary consumer ) E. Decomposers – return nutrients back to enviroment. Ex. Fungi and bacteria E. Decomposers – return nutrients back to enviroment. Ex. Fungi and bacteria III. Energy in a Community ** Ultimate energy source of all living things is the__________. ** Ultimate energy source of all living things is the__________.

A. Food Chain – pathway of energy through a community each depending on the other. grass grasshopper ---- bird ---- snake grass grasshopper ---- bird ---- snake (producer) (primary consumer) (secondary consumer) (tertiary con.) B. Food webs – connected food chains within a community grass snails grasshoppers bird owl meadow energy pyramid – shows loss of energy in a food chain

IV. Relationships in a Community Mutualism – both organisms benefit from the relationship. They depend on each other for survival. Ex. lichens(algae/fungus), termites/protzoa, humans/e.coli Mutualism – both organisms benefit from the relationship. They depend on each other for survival. Ex. lichens(algae/fungus), termites/protzoa, humans/e.coli Commensalism – one organism benefits the other gets nothing ex. Orchids/trees Commensalism – one organism benefits the other gets nothing ex. Orchids/trees Parasitism – one is helped the other is harmed. Ex. Fleas, worms, ticks, leeches. ** parasites don’t usually kill host Parasitism – one is helped the other is harmed. Ex. Fleas, worms, ticks, leeches. ** parasites don’t usually kill host Predation – one helped the other is harmed. ** host is killed. Ex. Predator/prey Predation – one helped the other is harmed. ** host is killed. Ex. Predator/prey

Chap. 31 : Ecosystems and Biomes Ecology – study of living things interacting within their environment. Ecology – study of living things interacting within their environment. -- ecosystem – living and nonliving things interacting within an environment. A. Cycles – reuse of resources 1. Nitrogen – needed to make DNA 2. Water 3. O2-CO2 – photosyntesis/respiration

B. Biomes – area with a distinct climate, plants, and animals Land Biomes Land Biomes 1. Tropical Rain Forest – wet and hot. Ex. S.America, Africia, Phillipines 2. Grassland – hot, dry, grass vegetation. Ex. Plains in N.America, Africia 3. Desert- hot, dry, no vegetation. Ex. West, Africa, Middle East 4. Temperate Forest – seasons, trees. Ex. Us, Europe, parts China

5. Taiga – cold, mostly conifers. Ex. Canada and Russia 6. Tundra – very cold, dry, sparse vegetation. Ex. N.Canada, N. Russia, Alaska Water Biomes 1. Salt (Marine) – largest ecosystem on Earth 2. Fresh – lakes, streams, rivers

C. Succession – changing of ecosystems as time passes. Ex. Rainforest ---- Temperate forest ---- Grassland ---- Desert Ex. Rainforest ---- Temperate forest ---- Grassland ---- Desert Ex. Creek --- Stream --- River --- Lake Ex. Creek --- Stream --- River --- Lake