Viruses, Bacteria, Protists and Fungi

Viruses Vocabulary Virus - tiny, nonliving, not cells, can multiply using a living host Host – living organism that provides energy for viruses Parasites – organisms that live on or in a host and cause them harm Bacteriophage – virus that infects bacteria Vaccine – substance introduced into the body to stimulate production of chemicals to destroy viruses

Notes  All viruses destroy their host  Vary in shape  Similar structure 1) protein coat (protection) 2) inner core (genetic material – instructions for making new viruses) Protein on surface act as keys that will only match up with certain locks of hosts

 Virus Multiplication 1) attach to cell (lock and key) 2) enters cell 3) virus’s genetic material takes over functions 4) instructs cell to produce virus’s proteins and genetic material 5) proteins and genetic material assemble into new viruses 6) bursts open

 Active Virus – takes over immediately  Hidden Virus – hide, wait for right conditions, then copy  Spread in a variety of ways  No cure, can ease discomfort with meds  Treatment – rest, fluids, eat well-balanced meals

Bacteria Vocabulary Bacteria – single-celled prokaryote (no nucleus) organisms Flagellum – long, whiplike structures, help with movement Binary Fission – 1 cell divides to form 2 identical cells Asexual Reproduction – involves only 1 parent, offspring exactly like parent Sexual Reproduction – 2 parents, combine genetic material, different from both parents Conjugation – sharing genetic material through a threadlike bridge, bacteria has new genetic material, then it divides through binary fission

Endospore – small, round, thick-walled, resting cells contain genetic material – helps bacteria survive harsh conditions. When conditions are suitable, it opens up, grows, multiplies Pasteurization – process of killing bacteria in food using heat Decomposers – organisms that break down large chemicals in dead organisms

Notes  Need flagella to move  Vary in size  3 basic shapes – spherical, rodlike, spiral  Must have source of food and a way to break it down to release energy  Food – autotrophs, chemically, heterotrophs  Respiration – breaking down food to get energy  Reproduction – frequently in right conditions

 What bacteria does for us ~ Oxygen production ~ Food production ~ Environmental recycling (FBI) ~ Environmental clean-up (oil spills) ~ Health and medicine BACTERIA CAN BE GOOD FOR YOU!!!!!!!

Protists Vocabulary Protists – eukaryotes, cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi (junk drawer) VERY DIVERSE Protozoans – animal-like protists Pseudopods – “false foot” temporary bulge of the cell – The Blob Contractile Vacuole – structure that collects and removes water from the cell Cilia – hairlike projections that help organisms move Symbiosis – close relationship where at least 1 benefits

Mutualism – both partners benefit (type of symbiosis) Algae - plantlike protists Spore – tiny cell that can grow into a new organism

Notes  3 types – Animal-like, Plantlike and Funguslike  Animal-like – heterotrophs, able to move and obtain food, unicellular  4 groups of Animal-like (mostly grouped by movement) Sarcodines Ciliates Flagellates Parasites

Sarcodines  Move and feed by pseudopods (ex. Amoeba, The Blob)  Extend cytoplasm to move or engulf food  Have contractile vacuoles to remove excess water

Ciliates  Use cilia to move and obtain food (paramecium)  Cilia act like tiny oars  2 contractile vacuoles  >1 nucleus – large for everyday tasks small for reproduction  Reproduce asexually – binary fission or sometimes conjugation  Oral groove – “mouth”

Flagellates  Use 1 or more flagella to move (Giardia)  Live inside bodies of other organisms

Parasites  Characterized by the way they live – not movement  Move in a variety of ways  Feed on cells and body fluids of host Plasmodium

Plantlike Protists - Algae  Autotrophs  Diverse – unicellular, multicellular, may live in colonies, many colors  Produce oxygen  Food source  6 types – Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Red Algae, Green Algae, and Brown Algae

Diatoms  Unicellular  Glasslike cell walls  Food source for heterotrophs  Move by oozing slime  Used as scouring products or insecticide

Dinoflagellates  Unicellular  Stiff plates – like armor  Variety of colors  2 flagella  Glow in the dark

Euglenoids  Unicellular  Green  Can be heterotrophs  Fresh water

Red Algae  Multicellular  Deep in water  Ice cream, hair conditioner  Nutrient rich food

Green Algae  Green pigments  Most unicellular, can be multicellular in colonies  Mostly in the water  Closely related to land plants

Brown Algae  Multicellular  Most complex structure – blade, stalk/stipe, bladder, holdfast

Funguslike Protists  “sort of like” animals – heterotrophs plants – cell wall  Use spores to reproduce  Able to move at some point  3 types Slime Mold brilliantly colored ooze to move Water Molds and Downy Mildews live in moist places attack food crops

Fungi Vocabulary Fungi – eukaryotes, cell walls, heterotrophs (absorb food), use spores to reproduce, need moist and warm places to grow Hyphae – threadlike tubes that make up the body of the fungus Fruiting body – reproductive structures for fungi Budding – form of asexual reproduction for yeast (little mini-me) Lichen – mutualistic relationship between fungus and algae or autotrophic bacteria

Notes  Range in size – tiny unicellular to large multicellular  Appearance of fungi depends on arrangement of hyphae  Absorb food through hyphae that grow into food, digestive chemicals break down food and then “drinks” it up  Reproduce by making spores (million of them)  Spores are surrounded by a protective covering and can be easily carried through air or water

 Reproduce asexually and sexually asexually – cells divide to form spores or budding sexually – hyphae of 2 fungi grow together and exchange genetic material  3 groups of fungi Club Sac Zygote

 Fungi…. Provide food – yeast, mushrooms decompose ( F BI) cause disease – parasites (cricket) fight disease – penicillin fungus-plant root association  Lichen – pioneer organism, indicator of air pollution