Don’t fall behind.. If you read what I am teaching today, you need just 30 mins to revise the topic and solve mcqs. If you don’t read for three days ….you will need 2 days to cover a topic and BY THEN I’ll have finished another 2 topics already….. Biochemistry is a LOT OF UNDERSTANDING AND A LOT OF MEMORIZATION too….. WHY ? Any chemistry is VOLATILE …revision is the KEY

BOOKS for MD2 Lippincott or Harper ( good for metabolism!) Kaplan Step 1 Lecture notes :- Mol.Biology and Genetics MCQs- good sources – PRE-TEST BIOCHEMISTRY AND GENETICS – BRS QUESTION BANK – USMLE WORLD Q.BANK – KAPLAN Q.BANK

BASIC RULES Switch off MOBILES Don’t come late – You’ll be not be allowed to enter after 5 minutes. No edibles No blowing/bubbling of chewing gums

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT FINAL DISTRIBUTION – (30% BLOCK 1) + (30% BLOCK 1)+ (30% NBME )+ 10 % internal assessment INTERNAL ASSESSMENT means :- (10% block % block % class performance)

Class performance ( 10%) – 30% CLASS QUIZZES – 20% CLASS ASSIGNMENTS – 50% SMALL GROUP & CLINICAL CASE DISCUSSION PERFORMANCE

BIO ( Greek, from bios) BIO ( Greek, from bios) + CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY

Need an official definition ?? Life :- The condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic objects and dead organisms, being manifested by growth through metabolism, reproduction, and the power of adaptation to environment through changes originating internally.

16 (1) ENERGY, which it must know how to: Extract Transform Utilize

Digestion and Oxidation of food Reducing equivalents ATP ENERGY !! BIOLOGICALOXIDATIONBIOLOGICALOXIDATION

ATP is the energy currency of the cell!

19 Life needs … (2) SIMPLE MOLECULES, which it must know how to: Convert Polymerize Degrade

20 Macromolecules

21 Macromolecules

23 Biomolecules – Structure Building block Simple sugar Amino acid Nucleotide Fatty acid Macromolecule Polysaccharide Protein (peptide) RNA or DNA Lipid Anabolic pathways Catabolic Pathways

24 How did organic complex molecules evolved from more simple molecules? Urea was synthesized by heating the inorganic compound ammonium cyanate (1828) This showed that compounds found exclusively in living organisms could be synthesized from common inorganic substances

The Urey-Miller experiment (1950) Some amino acids could be produced : 25

Why is potassium concentration more inside a cell than outside ?

27 Life needs … (3) CHEMICAL MECHANISMS, to: Harness energy Drive sequential chemical reactions Synthesize & degrade macromolecules Maintain a dynamic steady state Self-assemble complex structures Replicate accurately & efficiently Maintain biochemical “order” vs outside

THE METABOLIC REACTIONS ARE SIMILAR IN ALL LIFE FORMS………

ANATOMY :- ( Greek ἀνατομία anatomia, from ἀνατέμνειν ana: separate, apart from, and temnein, to cut up, cut open) is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. PHYSIOLOGY:- The science of the function of living systems showing how organisms, organ systems and organs carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system.

Biochemistry can also be described as the science of the chemical constituents of living cells and of the reactions and processes they undergo. The Aim of Biochemistry Is to Describe & Explain, in Molecular Terms, All Chemical Processes of Living Cells.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS IMMUNOCHEMISTRY NEUROCHEMISTRY BIOINORGANIC, BIOORGANIC, AND BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS THERAPY – ALMOST EVERYWHERE

The Major Causes of Diseases 1. Physical agents: Mechanical trauma, extremes of temperature, sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, radiation, electric shock. 2. Chemical agents, including drugs: Certain toxic compounds, therapeutic drugs, etc. 3. Biologic agents: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, higher forms of parasites. 4. Oxygen lack: Loss of blood supply, depletion of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, poisoning of the oxidative enzymes. 5. Genetic disorders: Congenital, molecular. 6. Immunologic reactions: Anaphylaxis, autoimmune disease. 7. Nutritional imbalances: Deficiencies, excesses. 8. Endocrine imbalances: Hormonal deficiencies, excesses.

Some Uses of Biochemical Investigations and Laboratory Tests in Relation to Diseases UseExample 1. To reveal the fundamental causes and mechanisms of diseases Demonstration of the nature of the genetic defects in Phenylketonuria. 2. To suggest rational treatments of diseases based on item 1 above A diet low in phenylalanine for treatment of phenylketonuria. 3. To assist in the diagnosis of specific diseasesUse of the plasma levels of troponin I or T in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. 4. To act as screening tests for the early diagnosis of certain diseases Use of measurement of blood thyroxine or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the neonatal diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism. 5. To assist in monitoring the progress (ie, recovery, worsening, remission, or relapse) of certain diseases Use of the plasma enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in monitoring the progress of infectious hepatitis. 6. To assist in assessing the response of diseases to therapy Use of measurement of blood carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in certain patients who have been treated for cancer of the colon.

ALL DRUGS ARE MOSTLY COMPETETIVE INHIBITORS OF MANY BODY ENZYMES. MOST TOXINS ARE NON –COMPETETIVE INHIBITORS OF THE BODY ENZYMES.

Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. Is it enough?

PROTEOMICS !! 1.Average no of genes is 40, , 000, average no. of proteins is more than ½ a million in humans. 2.Average no of proteins per gene -- one to two in bacteria, three in yeast three to six per gene,in human beings. 3.In addition to genetic makeup, many other factors determine proteins behavior and expression- factors like pH, oxygen depletion, chemicals and drugs etc.

THE ‘OMICS GENOMICS TRANSCRIPTOMICS PROTEOMICS METABOLOMICS GLYCOMICS LIPIDOMICS NUTRIGENOMICS PHARMACOGENOMICS …..and of course BIOINFORMATICS!!