Final Exam Review Section V-XI on the Study Guide

Persuasive Speech  oral presentation to convince listeners to accept a particular opinion or take a specific action

Author’s Purpose  author’s reason for writing—to entertain, to inform, to persuade

Biography  When a writer tells the life story of another person.

Autobiography  When a person tells his or her own life story.

Essay  Short nonfiction work about a particular subject.

Informational Text  writing that provides the knowledge to guide and educate you.

Bias  Writer’s tendency to favor one side of an issue.

Editorial  Article written by newspaper’s publisher or editor to express his/her opinion on a current issue.

Loaded Language  Words intended to trigger a positive or negative response without reasoned support. This language is oftentimes emotionally charged or too heavily reliant on pathos (emotional appeal).

Newspaper Article  Writing that covers national, international, state, and local news.

Noun  a word that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea

Pronoun  A word that takes the place of a noun.

Verb  A word used to express an action or a state of being

Adverb  A word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb

Adjective  A word used to modify a noun or a pronoun.

Preposition  A word used to show the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence.

Conjunction  A word used to join words or groups of words.

Interjection  A word used to express emotion! Wow!

Correct Order and Punctuation for a Bibliographic Entry … The most basic entry for a book consists of the following: Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Publisher City: Publisher Name, Year Published. Pages. Medium. Smith, John. The Sample Book. Pittsburgh: BibMe, Print. A few additional notes … You will note that the second line (and all subsequent lines following the second line) of a bibliographic entry is indented 5 spaces from the left or half an inch just like this paragraph – this is called a hanging indent. The first line is flush (this means it lines up) with the left margin. Please also note that the final punctuation mark of the entry is a period. Please also study all of the punctuation required for a proper bibliographic entry in a Works Cited page. A Works Cited page is similar to a bibliography. A bibliography is a list of the books referred to in a scholarly work, usually printed as an appendix. When choosing a city of publication while researching, it is important to select the first city of publication listed. Finally, the abbreviation ed. or Ed. stands for editor.

Rules of Formal Outlining … I. The outline should be in sentence form. A. That means that each section of the outline must be a complete sentence. B. Each part may only have one sentence in it. II. Each Roman numeral should be a main section of the outline. A. Capital letters are main points of the thesis. 1. Numbers are sub-points under the capital letters. 2. Little letters are sub-points under the numbers. B. Sub-points need to correspond with the idea they are under. 1. This means that capital letters refer to the idea in roman numerals. 2. This means that numbers refer to the idea in the capital letter.

III. All sub-points should be indented the same (indenting is very important). A. This means that all of the capital letters are indented the same. B. All numbers are indented the same. IV. No sub-point stands alone. A. Every A must have a B. B. Every 1 must have a 2. C. You don’t need to have a C or a 3, but you can. D. There are no exceptions to this rule Rules of Formal Outlining Cont’d

Parts of an Essay  Introduction  The introductory paragraph of an essay on a work of literature should include, but not be limited to the following:  The author and title of the work  A general statement about the work of literature and the protagonist  A thesis statement  At least five sentences introducing the author, the work of literature, the time period of the literary work, and the above bullets.

Thesis Statement …  The thesis in ancient Greek literally means idea. A thesis statement is the main idea of an essay, a research paper, or other applicable work of nonfiction.  Thesis statements are critical because they guide the reader in terms of the content of a work of nonfiction.

Topic Sentence …  A topic sentence is generally the first sentence in a paragraph.  Topic sentences contain the main idea of the paragraph and specifically relate the idea contained in the paragraph to the thesis statement of the paper.  When students are writing an essay, research paper, or other work of nonfiction focusing on a work of literature, students should stay in present tense and use active voice (meaning the subject is taking the action in the sentence).

Transitions  Transitions are connectors between the ideas in a student’s writing. Transitions do the following:  Establish logical connections between sentences, paragraphs, and sections of your paper.  Signal relationships between ideas  Provide the reader with directions for how to piece together your ideas into a logically coherent argument.

Concluding Sentence or Parts of a Conclusion …  When concluding an essay focusing on a work of literature, it is most important to include the following:  A restatement of your thesis statement. This is a sentence that says the same thing ideologically as your thesis statement in your introductory paragraph, but with different words.

Helpful Information on Verb Tenses Strictly speaking, in English, only two tenses are marked in the verb alone, present (as in "he sings") and past (as in "he sang"). Other English language tenses, as many as thirty of them, are marked by other words called auxiliaries. Understanding the six basic tenses allows one to re-create much of the reality of time in their writing. Present: They walk Present Perfect: They have walked Past: They walked Past Perfect: They had walked Future: They will walk Future Perfect: They will have walked

Present Perfect Present perfect designates action which began in the past but which continues into the present or the effect which still continues into the present. 1. Betty taught for ten years. (simple past) 2. Betty has taught for ten years. (present perfect)

Past Perfect The past perfect tense designates action in the past just as simple past does, but the action of the past perfect is action completed in the past before another action. 1. John raised vegetables and later sold them. (past) 2. John sold vegetables that he had raised. (past perfect) The vegetables were raised before they were sold. 1. Renee washed the car when George arrived (simple past) 2. Renee had washed the car when George arrived. (past perfect) In (1), she waited until George arrived and then washed the car. In (2), she had already finished washing the car by the time he arrived. In sentences expressing condition and result, the past perfect tense is used in the part that states the condition. 1. If I had done my exercises, I would have passed the test. 2. I think George would have been elected if he hadn't sounded so pompous.

Future Perfect The future perfect tense designates action that will have been completed at a specified time in the future. 1. Saturday I will finish my housework. (simple future) 2. By Saturday noon, I will have finished my housework. (future perfect)

Conjugation of the Verb TO DO Future I will do you will do he/she/it will do we will do you will do they will do Future perfect I will have done you will have done he/she/it will have done we will have done you will have done they will have done Present I do you do he/she/it does we do you do they do Present perfect I have done you have done he/she/it has done we have done you have done they have done Past I did you did he/she/it did we did you did they did Past perfect I had done you had done he/she/it had done we had done you had done they had done

Conjugation of the Verb TO SEE Present I see you see he/she/it sees we see you see they see Present perfect I have seen you have seen he/she/it has seen we have seen you have seen they have seen Past I saw you saw he/she/it saw we saw you saw they saw Past perfect I had seen you had seen he/she/it had seen we had seen you had seen they had seen Future I will see you will see he/she/it will see we will see you will see they will see Future perfect I will have seen you will have seen he/she/it will have seen we will have seen you will have seen they will have seen

Conjugation of the Verb TO THROW  Present  I throw you throw he/she/it throws we throw you throw they throw  Present perfect  I have thrown you have thrown he/she/it has thrown we have thrown you have thrown they have thrown Past I threw you threw he/she/it threw we threw you threw they threw Past perfect I had thrown you had thrown he/she/it had thrown we had thrown you had thrown they had thrown Future I will throw you will throw he/she/it will throw we will throw you will throw they will throw Future perfect I will have thrown you will have thrown he/she/it will have thrown we will have thrown you will have thrown they will have thrown

Conjugation of the Verb TO DRINK Present I drink you drink he/she/it drinks we drink you drink they drink Present Perfect I have drunk you have drunk he/she/it has drunk we have drunk you have drunk they have drunk Past I drank you drank he/she/it drank we drank you drank they drank Past perfect I had drunk you had drunk he/she/it had drunk we had drunk you had drunk they had drunk Future I will drink you will drink he/she/it will drink we will drink you will drink they will drink Future perfect I will have drunk you will have drunk he/she/it will have drunk we will have drunk you will have drunk they will have drunk