C OGNITION Memory

M EMORY Memory: persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information. Gives us our sense of self and connects us to past experiences. Cognition: All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering information

M ODELS OF M EMORY : NO MEMORY ACCOUNTS FOR ALL MEMORY PHENOMENA Information Processing Model: Compares our mind to a computer 1. ENCODING To become a memory, information must first be registered in sensory memory – it must stand out among a variety of stimuli and be selected for further processing. 2. STORAGE When we rehearse short-term memories sufficiently, we encode them for placement in long- term memory. 3. RETRIEVAL We seek information from long-term memory storage

I NFORMATION P ROCESSING M ODEL : I MPACT OF A TTENTION Focused (selective) attention: attending to one task over another Divided attention : We have difficulty when we try to attend to more than one complex task; thus we may encounter the cocktail party effect Feature Integration Theory (Anne Treisman): Focus attention on complex incoming auditory or visual information in order to synthesize it into a meaningful pattern.

L EVELS OF P ROCESSING M ODEL : C RAIK & L OCKHART How long and how well we remember information depends on how deeply we process the information when it is encoded. Shallow Processing: Using superficial sensory information that emphasizes the physical characteristics of the stimuli as it comes in Example: Crossing the street when there is traffic..you notice there is traffic by you don’t focus on the specific types of vehicle or who is driving Deep Processing: Attach meaning to information and create associations between the new memory and existing memories Semantic encoding: Emphasizes the meaning of verbal input Self-referent encoding: Processing information that is more important or relevant more deeply, making it easier to recall

T HREE -S TAGE M ODEL : A TKINSON & S HIFFRIN Describes three different memory systems characterized by time frames Stage One: The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as sensory memory. Stage Two: sensory memories are processed into short term memory your activated memory which can only hold a minimal amount of information. Stage Three: short term memories are encoded into long-term memory, the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse from which we retrieve.

T YPES OF S ENSORY M EMORY Sensory Memory: refers to the initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. All information is held here briefly (1/2 to 4 seconds) Sensory Memories include both: 1. Iconic Memory: a momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli. Memory only lasts for a few tenths of a second. 2. Echoic Memory: a momentary sensory memory for auditory stimuli. Sound memories can usually last up to 3 or 4 seconds. Sensory memory is very hard to measure since it fades as we try to measure it.

H OW D OES S ENSORY M EMORY G ET P ROCESSED I NTO M EMORY ? Sensory memories disappear unless you focus your selective attention on the information. Attention causes information to be further processed. What does this say about subliminal messages?

P ROCESS OF E NCODING : 2 T YPES Encoding EffortfulAutomatic

unconscious encoding of incidental information space time frequency well-learned information word meanings we can learn automatic processing reading backwards A UTOMATIC P ROCESSING (T YPE 1)

A UTOMATIC P ROCESSING : R EADING B ACKWARDS Reading backwards requires effort at first but after practice becomes automatic..citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE Automatic processing allows us to do multiple things at once and re- illustrates the concept of parallel processing.

E FFORTFUL P ROCESSING (T YPE 2) Effortful Processing: type of encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Ex: Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical events/chronology, etc. Encoding can be aided by maintenance rehearsal: simple rote repetition of information in consciousness or even more successfully by elaborate rehearsal: processing of information for meaning which can more easily help produce long term memories.

W ORKING M EMORY M ODEL : B ADDELEY & H ITCH Based their model off of the multi-store model Challenged the idea that STM is a single store STM includes several components Central executive Episodic buffer Phonological loop Visuospatial sketchpad

C ENTRAL E XECUTIVE Controlling system which monitors and coordinates the operations of the other components Most important part of the working memory model Limited capacity and can process any sensory information) Attentional control is the most important job of the central executive

A TTENTIONAL C ONTROL Happens in two ways: 1.) Automatic level: Based on habit and controlled automatically by stimuli in the environment Includes routine procedures 2.) Supervisory level: Deals with emergencies or creates new strategies when old ones are no longer sufficient Reactions

E PISODIC B UFFER Consciously trying to remember details Acts as a temporary and passive display store until the information is needed (similar to a TV screen) Processing of the information takes place in other parts of the system

P HONOLOGICAL L OOP Divided into 2 components 1.) Articulatory control system: Inner voice which holds information in verbal form Remembering a telephone number and repeating it Holds words until you are ready to speak 2.) Phonological store: Inner ear which holds speech-based material in phonological form Memory only lasts seconds if it is not refreshed by the articulatory system Receives info. directly from sensory memory in the form of auditory material and from LTM in the form of verbal information and the articulatory control system

V ISUOSPATIAL S KETCHPAD Inner eye Deals with visual and spatial information from the sensory memory or LTM