Memory Learning that has persisted over time Information that has been stored and can be retrieved Try this: Recite the second sentence of the Pledge of Allegiance

Information Processing Models of Memory

Information Processing Models cont’d 1.Connectionism – 2.Atkinson and Shiffrin’s 3 Stage Model Sensory memory - fleeting Short-term memory – where we encode through rehearsal Long-term memory – where we retrieve info later TOO SIMPLE!

Why is it too simple? We are automatic processors Working memory: focus on conscious/active processing of incoming sensory information WHILE ALSO considering overlapping long term retrieval of information Varies person to person So we use the three stage model, but you MUST consider the above information Example?

First think, “What does attention have to do with memory?” Are stimuli are screened out earlier or later in our cognitive awareness? Location of attention filter may not be fixed (like Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model) 3. Selective Attention Model

Attention = _________ filter Where is filter located? Early during sensory input or later during processing?? Sensory Detection Recognition of meaning Response selection Response Stimulus Early-selection models place the filter here Late-selection models place the filter here

Cocktail party effect: Does the filter happen earlier or later?

Location of filter depends on “cognitive load” Multi-tasking Is it possible for you to actually multitask?

How we encode 1.Automatic Process Parallel processing A. Space B. Time C. Frequency D. Well-learned

2. Effortful Process Requires rehearsal (conscious repetition) to create durable memories

Is it only ever one or the other? NO! Effortful can become automatic through ____________ Example?

Principles of Remembering (encoding) The more repetition one day, the less required to relearn the next. The amount of something remembered depends on the amount of time spent learning Overlearning -

Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve

How do we learn/encode best? Spacing effect Distributed study time Testing effect Massed practice   Serial position effect Recency effect Primacy effect Those who learn quickly forget quickly

What we encode What’s the difference among these three? How do you tell the difference? Eye scream I scream Ice cream Levels of processing Context/experience/interpretation allow for coding differences

Levels of Processing Theory

Levels of processing cont’d Visual Encoding Acoustic Encoding Semantic Encoding

Encoding activity

Two codes are better than one! Self-reference effect Imagery Mental pictures Easier to recall items that have clear images

Visual Encoding - imagery Rosy retrospection Mnemonics – some rely on visual cues, others on acoustic cues Purpose it organize info for later retrieval Peg words Method of loci

The best way to organize info for later is through… Chunking Acronyms Hierarchies Principles of learning

Sensory Memory “fleeting” Sensory Registry Iconic - Echoic -

Working/Short-Term Memory From sensory memory, we illuminate by focusing on some info via our selective attention Without active processing, short term has limited life Time/duration: 20 seconds Capacity: “magical #7 (+/- 2)” – auditory input #3 (+/-1) for visuals Short term recall slightly better for random digits Slightly worse for random letters (more similar sounds)

What’s the point? At any given moment, we can consciously process only a very limited amount of information

Long-Term Memory Capacity for memory is limitless Not fully known, is it genetic or learned? The Real Rain Man

Types of Long-Term Memory 1.Episodic Memories are personally experienced what most people refer to as “memories” What did you have for breakfast this morning? What did you wear on the first day of school?

2. Semantic General factual knowledge Knowing what/that

3. Procedural Memories related to skills or habits Things that are well- learned Knowing how

Explicit and Implicit Memories Explicit (declarative) “I have an explicit memory of playing at a particular golf course” Located where? Implicit (non-declarative) “It’s that thing about the stuff, well, you know I know – I just can’t say right now…” – explaining to someone how to tie a shoe. - CC -Located where?

Storage and the brain Hippocampus Possible storage bin, where over time info goes to other parts of the cerebral cortex Left frontal for auditory Right frontal for episodic memories Cerebellum Implicit memories stored Amnesia patient example

Dual System of Memory 1.Explains our parallel processes 2.Infantile amnesia What we learn in the first three years (i.e. walking) extends throughout life, but we don’t recall learning it (i.e. circumcision)

Memory Retrieval To retrieve a memory you must first have some kind of retrieval cue Examples?

Retrieval Activating one strand of a schematic memory is called priming. Mnemonic devices encoding and mnemonic retrieval