Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Protista Definition – Protists are the most diverse Kingdom of eukaryotes Diverse – Different Eukaryote – Organized nucleus and organelles (plants, animals, fungi) Do any of these protists look the same?

3 Key Points of Protists Protists are eukaryotic Protists are the most diverse group of organisms No high level organization, simplist form of eukaryote

Five Groups of Protists Ancient : Bacteria-like Euglenoids : Plant-like and Animal-like (flagella) Alveolata : Plant-like and Animal-like Algae : Plant-like Slime Molds: Fungus-like

Ancient Protists The first Protists resemebled the simple types of organisms. Bacteria!!! A prokaryotic organism **Ancient protists are the first eukaryotic organisms Nucleus is enclosed

Ancient Protists (cont’d) **Scientist believe that ancient protists are the first eukaryotic organisms because … Have first membrane bound nucleus Do not have mitochondria Mitochondria = Energy Where does the Energy Come from?

Ancient Protists (cont’d) Protists that lack mitochondria get their energy from… THEIR ENVIRONMENT!!! Giardia live in the intestines of animals They get their food through absorbtion

Giardia (Beaver Fever) Characteristics of Giardia Two large nuclei Flagella for movement Transmitted through oral-fecal route Causes severe diarrhea Think Twice before drinking that stream water!!!

Euglenoids Unlike Ancient Protists, Eugleonoids have a single large mitochondria. Known as flagellates Single flagella Animal-like (heterotrophs) Plant-like (autotrophs)

Euglena Autotrophic Heterotrophic Absorb nutrients from environment Engulfing their prey by phagocytosis Anterior Flagellum

Trypanosoma (African Sleeping Sickness) Infects humans, domestic, and wild animals Destroys red blood cells = Loss of HEMOBLOBIN = Loss of Oxygen to the cells = Weakness = Death Wormlike with dorsal flagellum

Trypanosoma cruzi Kissing bug Sucks blood and defecates at same time Feces itches=scratching Trypanosoma brucei Tsetse fly Transmitted through bite

Alveolata (Protozoans) Very diverse group Most are animal-like Cilia covered bodies May are disease causeing Heterotrophic Englufing by phagocytosis

Phagocytosis (process of capturing food)

Dinoflagellates Marine phytoplankton Float neat waters surface Red in color Dinoflagellate Blooms Reproductive rates increase Too many dinoglagellates Causes water to become toxic Known as Red Tide

Paramecium Characteristics Single celled Ciliates Cillia beat to cause currents Use to get food Heterotrophic Oral groove

Amoeba Characteristics Single Celled Use pseudopods to get food Pseudopods = fingerlike extensions Extend pseudopods around food and engluf it.

Radiolarian Marine Organisms Shells made of silica Use points for feeding When a radiolarian dies, it’s shell sinks to the floor of the ocean. In some places these shell remains are over 100 meters thick.

Algal Protists *** All Algae are photosynthetic (autotrophs) Most are grouped by the color of their pigments. Blue Greens – Chlorophyll Red – xanthophyll Brown – xanthopyll and caritinoids Golden - chrysophyll

Mixed Diatoms (unicellular) Live in Glass Houses Yellow or Brown in Color Freshwater and marine Made of silica Uses of Diatoms Toothpaste, deodorant, filtering, creating fire resistant products

Volvox (colonial) Colonial organism Colonies with daughter colonies Colonies may be over 500 cells Pond algae Autotrophic (green in color) Each has a pair of flagella beat at same time to move colony

Kelp (multicellular)

Kelp (multicellular) Type of organization Kelp forests offer habitat for aquatic organisms Would you eat kelp? Most sushi is wrapped in kelp. Fastest growing organism (60m in one year)

Slime Molds Very much like fungi little organization very complex reproduction (unlike fungi)

Plasmodium Slime Molds Unicellular Very complex organism amoeba-like swarm to large plasma cell The pictures on the right is one cell, with thousands of nuclei!!

Cellular Slime Molds Multicellular Have little “fruiting bodies” Reproduce asexually

Summary Protists are the most diverse Kingdom Some are like : bacteria, plants, animals, fungi They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic Most are unicellular, but can be multi or colonial