10.2 Islam Expands In spite of internal conflicts, the Muslims create a huge empire that includes land on three continents.

Key Words caliph Highest political and religious leader in a Muslim government empire a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, who controls many peoples or territories Sunni Branch of Islam whose members believe the first four caliphs are the rightful successors of Muhammad Shi’a Branch of Islam whose members believe Ali and his descendants are the rightful successors of Muhammad

Key Words dynasty a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family Umayyads Dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from A.D. 661 to 750: Damascus Abbasids Dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from A.D. 750 to 1258: Baghdad Fatimid Member of a Muslim dynasty that traced its ancestry to Muhammad’s daughter Fatima: Cairo

Vocabulary al-Andalus Muslim-ruled area in what is now Spain: Codoba

Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam A New Leader A New Leader In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be the first caliph.In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be the first caliph. Caliph—title for a Muslim leader—means “successor” or “deputy.Caliph—title for a Muslim leader—means “successor” or “deputy.

Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam “Rightly Guided” Caliphs “Rightly Guided” Caliphs The first four caliphs are guided by the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions.The first four caliphs are guided by the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions. Jihad—an armed struggle against unbelievers—is used to expand Islam.Jihad—an armed struggle against unbelievers—is used to expand Islam. Muslims control all of Arabia, and armies conquer Syria and lower Egypt.Muslims control all of Arabia, and armies conquer Syria and lower Egypt. By 750, the Muslim empire stretches from the Altantic Ocean to the Indus River.By 750, the Muslim empire stretches from the Altantic Ocean to the Indus River.

Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam Reasons for Success Reasons for Success Muslim armies are well disciplined and expertly commanded.Muslim armies are well disciplined and expertly commanded. Byzantine and Sassanid empires are weak from previous conflict.Byzantine and Sassanid empires are weak from previous conflict. Persecuted citizens of these empires welcome Islam.Persecuted citizens of these empires welcome Islam. People are attracted to Islam’s offer of equality and hope.People are attracted to Islam’s offer of equality and hope.

Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam Treatment of Conquered Peoples Treatment of Conquered Peoples Muslim invaders tolerate other religions.Muslim invaders tolerate other religions. Christians and Jews receive special consideration as “people of the book.”Christians and Jews receive special consideration as “people of the book.”

From 632 to 750, highly mobile troops mounted on camels were successful in conquering lands in the name of Allah.

Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Rise of the Umayyads Rise of the Umayyads Struggles for power end the elective system of choosing a caliphStruggles for power end the elective system of choosing a caliph A wealthy family, the Umayyads, take power and move the capital to Damascus.A wealthy family, the Umayyads, take power and move the capital to Damascus.

Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Sunni—Shi’a Split Sunni—Shi’a Split Shi’a— “party” of Ali—believe the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad.Shi’a— “party” of Ali—believe the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad. Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s example—supported the Umayyads.Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s example—supported the Umayyads. Sufi followers pursue life of poverty and spirituality. They reject the Umayyads.Sufi followers pursue life of poverty and spirituality. They reject the Umayyads. In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids— topple the Umayyads.In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids— topple the Umayyads.

Control Extends Over Three-Continents Fall of the Umayyads Fall of the Umayyads Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one prince escapes, Abd al-RahmanAbbasids murder Umayyad family; one prince escapes, Abd al-Rahman He flees to Spain and establishes the Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus.He flees to Spain and establishes the Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus. al-Andalus is a Muslim state in southern Spain settled by North Africans.al-Andalus is a Muslim state in southern Spain settled by North Africans.

Control Extends Over Three-Continents Abbasids Consolidate Power Abbasids Consolidate Power In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital from Damascus to Bagdad.In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital from Damascus to Bagdad. Location provides access to trade goods, gold, and information.Location provides access to trade goods, gold, and information. Abbasids develop a strong bureaucracy to manage empire.Abbasids develop a strong bureaucracy to manage empire.

Control Extends Over Three-Continents Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands Independent Muslim states spring up; Shi’a Muslims form new caliphateIndependent Muslim states spring up; Shi’a Muslims form new caliphate Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from Fatima, daughter of Muhammad.Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from Fatima, daughter of Muhammad. The Fatimid caliphate begins in North Africa and spreads to the Red Sea, western Arabia, and Syria.The Fatimid caliphate begins in North Africa and spreads to the Red Sea, western Arabia, and Syria.

Control Extends Over Three-Continents Muslim Trade Network Muslim Trade Network Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and EuropeMuslims trade by land and sea with Asia and Europe Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency, and checks.Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency, and checks. Cordoba, in al-Andalus, is a dazzling center of Muslim cutlure.Cordoba, in al-Andalus, is a dazzling center of Muslim cutlure.

The Mezquita in Cordoba, Spain

Mezquita de Cordoba This mosque or, meziquita in Spanish, was built over the wreckage of a Christian church by Emir Abd al-Rahman I in 785. al-Rahman was a Umayyad prince who broke away from that dynasty to establish his own empire in Spain. Today the enormous structure is once again a Christian church.