Civilizations in Crises: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartland, & Qing China Chapter 26

Map Exercise 26.1 Ottoman Empire, Late 18 th Century (page 625) 1. What 3 continents does the empire straddle? 2. What modern states were once ruled by the Ottomans? 3. Drawing conclusions –a. What different ethnic groups does the empire rule? –b. How might different ethnic groups weaken Ottoman rule? –c. What European states would be the greatest threat to the empire?

Photo Essay 1. In photograph 26.1 on page 627, how did the Europeans view the Ottomans? 2. In photography 26.2 on page 628, how had the Young Turks changed?

Map 26.2 China During the Qing Dynasty (page 635) 1. What is a treaty port? 2. What powers had treaty ports in China? 3. What ports did each European power rule? 4. Which states likely had territorial designs on China? Support your answer.

Ottoman retreat empire in decline 18 th century European rivals take advantage of weakness Austrians Russians Greeks & Serbians win independence Ottomans survive – why? balance of power

internal reform Mahmud II - professional army (destroy janissaries) Tanzimat reforms – Western model open empire to Europe - threaten some groups strengthen state – threaten dynasty

Young Turks – continue Western style reforms empire survives (weakly) until WWI Sultan Abdul Hamid – despotic absolutism

Arab Islamic Heartlands desire to drive back Europeans crises in Middle East Egypt Napoleon defeats Ottoman's in Egypt Muhammad Ali – Egypt’s ruler military reforms - powerful army & navy - modernize economy

ally with landlords – resist economic reforms Egypt exposed to European threats ayan – rural landlords profit 1 crop dependency become dependent on European credit

Islamic history – rational inquiry - contest that a single source of truth - found in Qu’ran 1882 – British intervene - direct Egyptian government Muslim scholars – traditional vs Western science & technology Suez Canal

Jihad – Mahdist revolt in Sudan Egyptians try to rule Mahdi win control of Sudan - return Islam to original purity build strong state, Islamic law British end in 1896 Islam suffers in 1800s Europeans consistently advance & threaten Islam

Last Chinese Dynasty - Qing Manchurians adopt Chinese ways Chinese scholar-gentry enter Manchu service 1644 – Manchu's take Beijing - retain political system - examination system continues Chinese & Manchu's paired at highest posts

maintain social system of Ming rank & hierarchy extended family women subservient alleviate rural distress commercial & urban expansion

influx of silver (payment for exports) - good balance of trade compradors (merchants) – link between China & outside world Decline - late 1700s exam system - cheating government jobs way to gain influence & money Yellow River floods – peasants migrate south population increase – stresses social & economic systems

confrontation with Europeans over opium trade British use to trade instead of silver opium addiction rampant 1830s – Chinese blockade trade European military intervention - Opium Wars 1839 & 1850s settlements include Hong Kong to British - ports open to European trade - long term leases - British manage China’s foreign trade

Taiping Rebellion European incursions into Southern China Taiping offer social reform, land redistribution, liberation of women - attack traditional Chinese elite - defeated with help of Europeans “self-strengthening movement” - modernize Manchu’s losing control over provinces

Boxer Rebellion Empress CiXi – crushes the reform movement Secret societies resistance to Qing - training ground for revolutionaries create a government modeled on the west - sons of scholar gentry & compradors - Sun Yat Sen

1912 – Emperor Pu-Yi stands down - Republic of China formed civil service exams end 1905 end of use of Confucian values as base to govern society