The Middle Ages: Roman Empire, Dark Ages, the Crusades, Feudalism &… The ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH ~1,000-1,400: Cathedrals and Universities ~ 1,300’s: Canterbury Tales, Devine Comedy, etc.

Gregorian Chant Pope Gregory “The Great” (c ) Chant: –3,000+, anonymous –Originally, an oral tradition –Foundation of Western European art music –Single-line melody without harmony –Free flowing, unmeasured rhythm –Avoids any element of contrast or (dynamic, melodic, etc)

Mass Ordinary of the MassProper of the Mass *******Liturgy of the Word******* Introit Kyrie Gloria Gradual Alleluia Sequence Credo *******Liturgy of the Eucharist******* Offertory Sanctus Agnus Dei Communion

The Renaissance Time of EXPANSION which effected music: –Invention of printing press –Church choirs –End of composer anonymity New musical trends: –Text painting –Secular subjects –Women in music

Polyphony Both sacred and secular –Madrigals, Masses, and Motets Brought about many musical developments –Harmonically –Notational

The Protestant Reformation 1517: Beginning of reformation Efforts of church members who objected to ‘malpractices’ –Indulgences 95 Thesis posted by Martin Luther New denominations splintered off Followed by a period of self-evaluation –Council of Trent

The Counter-Reformation Council of Trent created many church reforms: –Scripture, tradition, and WORSHIP Reforms on music: –Ban of additions and improvisations –Intelligibility of texts –Proposed ban on polyphony Composers collectively responded to save polyphony –Palestrina credited with saving polyphony