DEBATE AND ARGUMENT : LANGUAGE SUPPORT By Mandy Pui Appendix 10

Language of Cause and Effect  Example a:  Juno decided to deliver a baby instead of having abortion. She thought that the baby was innocent and had rights to live.  Can these two sentence link together? Are they related to each other?

Language of Cause and Effect  Example b:  Juno decided to deliver a baby instead of having abortion because she thought that the baby was innocent and had rights to live.  Which one shows the cause-and-effect relationship more clearly, example a or b?

What is Cause and Effect? The method of development in which the writer analyses the reason(s) for an action, event, or decision, or analyses resulting consequences to support a point.

Why do we use cause and effect? To  Discover order in a reality that is apparent chaos  Inform  Speculate  Change behavior

 Today we are going to learn the ways of expressing different concepts: cause-and- effect---- a. Introduces the reason b. Introduces the result c. Describes connections d. Links similar/ opposite ideas e. Makes the summary

Conjunction introducing the reasons Because, as, since  The reason comes directly after the conjunction  Can be used in the middle of the sentence e.g. The teenagers have sex because/as/since they are curious about it. reason  Or at the beginning of the sentence e.g. Because/As/Since they are curious about it, the teenagers have sex.

Prepositions/ prepositional phrases introducing the reasons Because of/ due to/ owing to  The reason which should be a noun comes directly after Prepositions/ prepositional phrases  Can be used in the middle of the sentence E.g. The teenagers have sex because of/due to/owing to their curiosity over sex. reason  Or at the beginning of the sentence: E.g. Because of/Due to/Owing to their curiosity over sex, the teenagers have sex.

Connective introducing the result Consequently, Therefore, so, as a result  The result comes directly after the conjunction. e.g.  The youngsters are curious about sex so they give it a whirl. Consequently, Therefore, As a result, The youngsters are curious about sex. they give it a whirl.

From strong tone to weak tone Describing connections  I see a strong relationship between [A] and [B]….  I see a connection between [A] and [B]…….  There might be some kind of relation between [A] and [B]…….  I don’t see much of a link between [A] and [B]..  [A] doesn’t seem to have any relationship with [B] at all….. e.g. I see a connection between the mass media and the internet for promoting nudity and sex and a high number of teenage pregnancy. Personally, I would imagine that many teenagers prefer gaining the sexual knowledge by mass media and the internet to asking teachers and parents. Therefore, they get the wrong sexual knowledge easily.

Links similar/ opposite ideas Conjunction for linking similar ideas:  … and … e.g. The teenagers gain sexual knowledge by mass media and they don’t talk about it with their parents.  In addition, / Besides, / Moreover, e.g. The teenagers gain sexual knowledge by mass media. In addition, they don’t talk about it with their parents.  First of all, … Secondly, … Thirdly, … Finally…

Links similar/ opposite ideas Conjunction for linking opposite ideas:  …, but, ….. one may argue that the parents need to earn a living that they cannot stop their children from reading pornography to gain sexual knowledge but this cannot be an excuse!  ….However, / Even so, … one may argue that the parents need to earn a living that they cannot stop their children from reading pornography to gain sexual knowledge. However, this cannot be an excuse!  Although…, …/ …..although…. Although the parents are busy with their work, they still need to spend some time on helping their children to build up proper attitude towards sex.

Phrases to summarize  In conclusion,  To conclude,  In short,  To summarize,  All in all, e.g. To summarize, the mass media are too selfish to consider their own profits only and they are irresponsible in teaching wrong sexual knowledge for their readers. Therefore, they should be responsible for the prevalence of teenage pregnancy!