2 nd largest continent Surrounded by 2 oceans & 2 seas How would Africa’s geography: 1) affect food production? 2) affect trading patterns? Savanna Rain Forest Mild Hump Of Africa Sahara Horn of Africa

1. What is this? 2. What connection is there between the mask and elephants? Ivory Tribal Mask Ivory has been used for 1000s of years 1400s-1650s – Portuguese merchants hired ivory sculptors 3. Why is ivory unavailable today?

Kush 1000 B.C.E. – 150 C.E. Upper Nile Valley (Sudan) Capital City = Meroe Built great temples, brick mansions, flat-topped pyramids, and reservoirs Written language still undeciphered Traded gold, ivory, ebony, wood, and slaves produced iron wares

Axum 100 – 1400 C.E. Founded by Arab traders Traded ivory, slaves, & spices King Ezana -- converted to Christianity 324 C.E. -- conquered the Kush -- built monuments = obelisks

Christian: Nubia & Ethiopia Reached Africa before Rome’s conversion Coptic (Egypt & Nubia) translated the gospels into their language & were tolerated Ethiopia—Remained isolated and independent King Lalibela—11 churches carved from stone Later Dynasty—traced lineage back to Solomon & Sheba

Bet Giorgis, a 12th century Rock-Hewn Church in Ethiopia

Founded about C.E. Between the Senegal and Niger Rivers Vast resources (iron, animal products, & gold) Produced iron swords, spears, and lances Traded gold for salt from the Saharan salt mines Ghanian kings taxed all passing trade Invaded by Muslims in 1076 and broken into small kingdoms

Berbers -nomadic camel caravans -”fleets of the desert” - Gold-salt-slave trade - Picked up large blocks up salt on their journey and exchanged it for gold - Islam, Christianity was spread also - carried goods 300 miles across the Sahara

Brought both gold & salt under their direct control Rulers converted to Islam Majority of the people remained faithful to the traditional animistic faiths

c Powerful warrior Created the Kingdom of Mali “Father of Mali”

Sundiata, Lion Prince of Mali as told by griots (story tellers)

 Ruled from 1312 – 1337  Very $  Doubled the size of Mali  Created 5 provinces  Appointed governors

Devout Muslim Made the Hajj Took 1000s with him Impressed 1000s along the way with lavish gifts Gold value along the rt. Returned with scholars & architects

Timbuktu became a major Encouraged new buildings Built mosques, libraries, New palace Center of universities Scholarship flourished

 Sunni Ali captured Timbuktu & Jenne  Brought Upper Niger under his control  Largest of West Africa’s trading kingdoms  Elaborate tax and communication system  Traded gold, salt, slaves  Controlled the West African trade  1591, defeated by Morocco  Ended the great West African kingdoms 1464 – 1600 C.E.

Migrated into Eastern Africa from the west Subsistence farmers Major trading posts: Mogadishu Mombasa Kilwa Spoke

1000 different languages; different tribes Unifying aspect Bantu-speaking peoples provided a linguistic base across Africa

Wealthy “stateless society” Independent villages ruled by clan leader Prospered from the gold trade

Walled villages = center of government Markets contained goods from around the world Lineage group = sense of identity Many matrilineal societies Women could inherit Community education and initiation

Pre-European Slave Trade Existed since ancient times Between CE, 4.5 million Africans transported to Southwest Asia (SWA) 1 st major development occurred in 7 th Century Berbers raided villages Islamic traders traded goods for Africans Transported them to SWA

Many were captured in war, debtors, criminals Manual labor In Muslim & African societies, slaves had legal rights and opportunities for social mobility In Muslim countries, many earned their freedom

1. Most were monotheistic 2. Diviners = predict the future

Traditional African Religion ANIMISM 1. Belief in one remote Supreme Being. 3. Ancestor veneration. 4. Belief in magic, charms, and fetishes. 5. Diviner  mediator between the tribe and God. 2. A world of spirits (good & bad) in all things.

Art reflected religious themes Griot = oral storyteller

The trade in ___?____ across the Sahara was probably next in importance to the gold trade for the western Sudan, but not for the central Sudan. There, because there was no gold, ___?____ were the mainstay of the export commerce. -- William D. Phillips, 1985 This excerpt is from a description of Islamic trade from the seventh century to the fifteenth century. Which word correctly completes the excerpt? A camels B dates C weapons D slaves