College of Science and Humanity Studies, Al-Kharj

Level8 (2nd Semester)

Course Title :Syntax& Morphology

Prepared by Teacher: Bahia Khalifa Ibrahim

Objectives: The lecture will provide information about the processes of word formation Different types of these processes.

Word-formation A process with the result of a new lexeme.

Word-Formation Sub -divisions Word- formation Derivation Compounds

Word- formation DerivationAffixation Non- affixation CompoundingRed-card Up-grade

 Derivation: is one of the major processes of word formation in English. Derivational morphemes can produce new words from existing words in two ways.  First, they can change the meaning of a word. e.g. true, untrue.  Second, they can change the lexical category of a word, e.g.(true) is an adjective, (truly) an adverd, (truth) a noun.

AffixationPreffixationdisrespectrearrangeSuffixationharmfu l management

Non- affixation ConversionPaper, butter Blendin g brunch, smog ( smoke+fog) Back- formation televise(televis ion) Clipping lab laboratory),a d(advertiseme nt)

Conversion: A change in the function of a word. Noun→verb It is also known as category change or function shift. Vacation: they’re vacationing in Egypt. Have you buttered the toast?

Blending: A combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term. ( taking the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word). Backformation: A reduction process; in which one word (noun) is reduced to form another word of a different type( verb) edit(editor) Donate( donation)

Clipping: A reduction process in which a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in casual speech. Prof( professor), emote( emotion)

Non- affixation Coinage Asirin, nylon Borrowing Boss, piano, alcohol Acronyms NATO, UNESCO

Coinage : One of the least common processes of word-formation in English. It is the invention of totally new terms. Aspirin, nylon Borrowing: It is the taking of words from other languages. Alcohol ( Arabic) Boss (Dutch) Yogurt (Turkish)

 Acronyms: Forming new words from the initial letters of a set of other words.  NAS (National American Space Agency)  Radar ( radio detecting and ranging)  Multiple Processes:

Important sites DQI Morphology 101: Word-formation processes kkKctmDs kkKctmDs Morphology Word Formation(for more examples)

Exercises Identify the affixes used in the words: unfaithfulness, refillable, telecommunications. More than one process was involved in the creation of each of these words; what are they? I just got a new car-phone. Ali wants to be a footballer. Another skyjaking has just been reported. He is papering the bedroom.

Ready-made, brainwash, transcription, fan, misrepresent, AIDS, lab, telecast.

Suggested Topics for research Levels of Language Analysis Morphology: Definition & Types Word formation Processes. Syntax: Definition, Parts of Speech, syntactic categories. Syntactic analysis: methods of syntactic analysis.

 Grammar: Definition, types of grammar.  Generative grammar  Phrase structure rules  Transformation Generative Grammar  Recent Syntactic Trends.