9.1 Plant Organs Flowering plants are ________________________ All share common structural features Root system = roots Shoot system = _____________________

9.1 Plant Organs _________________ is defined as a structure that contains different tissues and performs one or more specific functions _______________________________are the vegetative organs common to plants Flowers, seeds, and fruits are structures involved in ____________________

9.1 Plant Organs Roots –On average, a tree’s roots will extend two to four times the diameter of the aboveground portion of the tree ___________________ plant in soil ___________________ water and minerals Root __________________ –Projections from epidermal root hair cells –Greatly increase absorptive capacity of root

9.1 Plant Organs Other Functions of Roots –Modified for food _____________________ Yams and sweet potatoes –Store ____________________ –Produce _______________________

9.1 Plant Organs Stems –Main _______________ of a plant –Terminates in tissue that allows the stem to elongate and produce leaves –__________________ occur where leaves are attached to the stem Internode is region between nodes

9.1 Plant Organs Stems –Have vascular tissue that transports water and minerals _________________ - nonliving cells that form a continuous pipeline for water and mineral transport _________________- living cells that join end to end for organic nutrient transport –In some plants, stems carry on photosynthesis, or store water and nutrients

9.1 Plant Organs Leaves –Major part of the plant that carries on ________________________ –Usually broad and flat _______________ - Wide portion of foliage leaf _______________- Stalk attaches blade to stem Leaf Axil - Axillary bud originates –__________________ plants lose their leaves every year –Evergreens retain their leaves for two to seven years (gymnosperms)

9.2 Plant Tissue All the tissue types in a plant arise from ___________________ tissue _____________________ tissue allows plants to grow their entire lives Retains cells that ever have the ability to divide and produce more tissues

9.2 Plant Tissue ________________meristem –Meristematic tissue present in a _______________ tip and a _________________ tip –Causes an increase in length called primary growth

9.2 Plant Tissue __________________ tissue –Forms the outer protective covering of a plant __________________ tissue –Fills the interior of a plant __________________ tissue –Transports water and nutrients in a plant and provides support

9.2 Plant Tissue _________________ Tissue –Contains single layer of closely packed epidermal cells –Epidermal cells exposed to air have a waxy _______________________ Minimizes water loss Protection from disease –Root epidermis has root hairs Absorb water Anchor the plant

9.2 Plant Tissue Epidermal Tissue –Guard cells surround ______________ Gas exchange

9.2 Plant Tissue _______________ Tissue –Forms the bulk of a plant –Fills the space between the epidermal and the vascular tissue –Most of the _______________ and ________________________ takes place in ground tissue –Also responsible for producing hormones, toxins, pigments, and other specialized chemicals

9.2 Plant Tissue Vascular Tissue –___________________ transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves –___________________ transports sucrose and other organic compounds (including hormones) from the leaves to the roots –Xylem and phloem are complex tissues because they are composed of two or more types of cells

9.2 Plant Tissue Vascular system extends from roots through stems and leaves In the roots, the vascular tissue is located in the vascular _______________ In the stem, it forms vascular ___________________, and in the leaves, it is found in leaf veins

9.3 Monocot Versus Eudicot Plants Flowering plants are divided into two groups dependent upon the number of cotyledons are present in the ___________________ plant –__________________ = seed leaves Monocots (one cotyledon) Eudicots (two cotyledons)

9.4 Organization of Roots Root Cap Protects Root Apical Meristem Three Regions –Zone of ____________________ Primary meristem area Continuously dividing cells –Zone of ____________________ Cells lengthen as they become specialized –Zone of _____________________ Fully differentiated cells Presence of root hairs

9.4 Organization of Roots Anatomy of a Eudicot Root –___________________ –__________________ - type of ground tissue –___________________ - forms a boundary between the cortex and the inner vascular cylinder –Vascular Tissue

9.4 Organization of Roots Monocot Roots –Have the same growth zones as eudicot roots. –Contains _______________, a type of ground tissue, which is centrally located –Pith is surrounded by a _____________________composed of alternating xylem and phloem bundles

9.4 Organization of Roots Root Diversity –____________________) - Fleshy, long single root, that grows straight down Stores food –__________________ root system - Slender roots and lateral branches Anchors plant to the soil Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b. Fibrous root system © The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc./Evelyn Jo Johnson, photographer a. Taproot © Dr. Robert Calentine/Visuals Unlimited Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

9.5 Organization of Stems Woody twigs provide a good example for studying stem organization –____________________ Buds Contains the shoot tip protected by bud scales, which are modified leaves –Leaf Scars and Bundle Scars where leaves have dropped –___________________ Buds Can give rise to branches or flowers

9.5 Organization of Stems ___________________ Stems –Mature nonwoody stems –Exhibit only primary growth –______________________ - vascular bundles arranged in distinct ring –______________________- scattered vascular bundles

9.5 Organization of Stems Woody stems –Both primary and secondary tissues _________________ tissues are those new tissues formed each year from primary meristems right behind the shoot apical meristem __________________ tissues develop during the first and subsequent years of growth from lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium –All plants have primary growth –Only conifers and woody eudicots have secondary growth (increases girth)

9.5 Organization of Stems Wood –________________________ that builds up year after year – increase girth of tree –In trees that have growing season, vascular cambium are _____________during winter Annual ring is made up of spring wood and summer wood Annual rings can provide a growth record

9.6 Organization of Leaves Organs of __________________ in vascular flowering plants Usually consists of a flattened blade and a ____________________ connecting the blade to the stem Leaf veins have a net pattern in ________________leaves and a parallel pattern in ________________ leaves

9.6 Organization of Leaves Top layer of epidermis –Often bears ____________ – protective hairs –Has an outer waxy cuticle –Opening of _______________ regulated by guard cells Gas exchange and water loss Body of leaf –__________________tissue –Eudicots have palisade and spongy mesophyll

9.6 Organization of Leaves Leaf diversity –_________________ of a leaf can be simple or compound Compound leaf divided into leaflets –Pinnately or palmately compound –Leaves can be ___________________ alternately, opposite or whorled

9.7 Uptake and Transport of Nutrients Opening and Closing of Stomata –Each stoma in leaf epidermis is bordered by two ___________________ –Increased _________________ pressure in guard cells opens stoma –Caused by active transport of K + into guard cells