C3 Plants C4 Plants CAM Plants Heterotrophic Plants PLANT ADAPTATIONS C3 Plants C4 Plants CAM Plants Heterotrophic Plants

PLANT EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY Life began in water The first plants were aquatic When plants moved to land, they had a difficult time dealing with dehydration  this lead to many adaptations that reduced transpiration and preserved water. Stomata are necessary for gas exchange, but increase transpiration rates. (Trade-offs)

C3 PLANTS  most plants Fix carbon by attaching CO2 to RuBP using the Calvin Cycle On hot days, they close their stomata part way (which limits sugar production, but minimizes water loss)

PHOTORESPIRATION…nooo PHOTORESPIRATION…nooo! - a process that occurs in the light; consumes oxygen and releases CO2 When a C3 plant uses up the CO2, Rubisco will “fix” or take in O2 and send it to the Calvin Cycle instead of CO2 This process DECREASES the production of glucose – since there is no carbon to make sugars. Photorespiration uses up the ATP  a wasteful process!

So why would any plant do this?? Photorespiration may be an evolutionary “leftover” In the early atmosphere with little to no oxygen, it didn’t matter if Rubisco had an affinity for O2 Today, with so much O2 in the atmosphere, it is inevitable that some O2 will be fixed instead of CO2 C3 crop plants include Rice, Wheat, Soybeans. - They may lose as much as 50% of the carbon fixed in the Calvin cycle to photorespiration

C4 PLANTS and CAM PLANTS Solution? Both types of plants have evolved adaptations For alternate methods of carbon fixation in hot, arid climates. Their stomata stay closed during the day and open at night. This limits water loss but it also limits the CO2 that diffuses into the leaf for photosynthesis. Solution? They store CO2 (in organic acid form) for later use! Uses PEP Carboxylase before the Calvin cycle to make organic acids

C4 PLANTS These plants “fix”CO2 to a molecule called PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate), using an enzyme called PEP carboxylase, into a an organic acid PEP has a high affinity for CO2 and none for O2 The organic acid molecule later releases CO2 from PEP and the Calvin Cycle continues as normal. This adaptation allows C4 plants to keep a high concentration of CO2 – and prevents photorespiration! C4 examples: sugarcane, corn, and tropical grasses They thrive in hot climates where their stomata will be closed often.

CAM PLANTS CAM plants keep stomata closed during the day to minimize water loss; they only open at night This means no CO2 can enter during the day! CAM plants take in CO2 at night and fix it into organic molecules  this is referred to as Crassulacean Acid Metabolism CAM plant examples: pineapple, agave, succulent plants CAM adaptations loses the least water and has the lowest amount of photorespiration compared to C3 and C4 plants

HETEROTROPHIC PLANTS Carnivorous Plants Parasitic Plants (Parasites) These plants live in environments that require adaptations which allows them to supplement their nutrition and minerals (especially nitrogen) Parasitic Plants (Parasites) These harm their host by siphoning nutrients and minerals from it. (The parasite fuses their xylem with the host!) Carnivorous Plants These plants “eat” insects and other nitrogen rich organisms. - They typically live in acidic environments that have low nitrogen in the soil due to low decomposition rates. VENUS FLY TRAP

Examples of Parasitic Plants: Examples of Carnivorous Plants: PITCHER PLANT MISTLETOE DODDER