1 Biological Bases of Behaviors Part 1: The Brain Unit 2 Biopsychology Psychology 40S C. McMurray Source: David Myers Worth Publishers

Watch the Story of the Brain Story of the Brain 2

3 History of Mind In 1800, Franz Gall suggested that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. His theory, though incorrect, nevertheless proposed that different mental abilities were modular. Phrenology Bettman/ Corbis

Phineas Gage In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad worker was packing gunpower into a rock with a tamping iron. A spark ignited the gunpowder, shooting the rod up through his left cheek and out the top of his skull, leaving his frontal lobes massively damaged. To everyone’s amazement, Gage was immediately able to sit up and speak. Although his mental abilities and memories were intact, his personality was not. The soft spoken Gage was now irritable, profane and dishonest. Gage was no longer Gage. Watch story of Phineas Gage

5 "You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself Any direction you choose.” Watch video: Human brain built for survival video.htm

The Brain 6

Brain Activity 1.Get a large piece of paper and tape it to a wall. Stand in front of the paper facing sideways. Find someone to shine a light (your phone works) on your head. Find another person to trace the silhouette of your head onto the paper. 2.Cut your silhouette out. We will be using both sides to place parts of the brain on your silhouette. 3.On one side, outline where your brain would be. 7

Brain Parts for your silhouette Side 1 1.Brainstem 2.Medulla 3.Pons 4.Reticular formation 5.Thalamus 6.Cerebellum 7.Pituitary gland 8.Amygdala 9.Hypothalamus 10.Hippocampus 11.Cerebral cortex 12.Corpus callosum 8

Brain Parts for your silhouette Side 2 1.Frontal lobe 2.Parietal lobe 3.Occipital lobe 4.Temporal lobe 5.Motor cortex 6.Sensory cortex 9

Brain Resource: Brain Made Simple Website 10

11 Older Brain Structures The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.

12 Brain Stem: Medulla The medulla is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing.

13 Brain Stem: Pons The pons above the medulla are responsible for sleep.

14 Brain Stem: Reticular Formation Reticular Formation is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. Reticular Formation

15 Thalamus The Thalamus is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

16 The “little brain” (cerebellum) attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance. Cerebellum

17 The Limbic System is a system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the pituitary gland, amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. The Limbic System

18 The Pituitary Gland is often referred to as the “master gland” as it regulates many activities of other endocrine glands. It also produces the growth hormone. Pituitary Gland

19 Amygdala The Amygdala consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

20 Hypothalamus The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

Hippocampus Hippocampus (Latin for seahorse) is associated primarily with memory. 21

Corpus Callosum The corpus callosum is a thick band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres and passes information back and forth to each hemisphere. 22

23 The Cerebral Cortex The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center. brain map

Pinky and the Brain 24

25 Structure of the Cortex Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the frontal lobe (forehead), parietal lobe (top to rear head), occipital lobe (back head) and temporal lobe (side of head).

26 Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe

Brain Lobes The Frontal Lobes are involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. The Parietal Lobes receive sensory input for touch and body position. The Occipital Lobes receive visual information from the opposite visual field. The Temporal Lobes receive auditory information primarily from the opposite ear.

28 Functions of the Cortex The Motor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements. The Sensory Cortex (parietal lobe) receives information from skin surface and sense organs.

29 The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences. Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness. rubber hand illusion Watch the brain that changes itself Ellen Degeneres rubber hand episode The Brain’s Plasticity

Computer Lab: The Brain Brain Assignment: Visit my website for details on this assignment. 30

Face Blindness What is Face Blindness? watch face blindness Take the Face Blindness Test 31

The Split Brain Experiments Roger Sperry, in the 1960s, carried out his most famous experiment, the split brain experiment. It was a cure for people who suffered from a special kind of epilepsy. The corpus callosum was severed which stopped the seizures however some odd behaviours resulted. Read more Corpus Callosum